Physical Activity and Weight Control :: Health Fitness Weight Loss Essays

Physical Activity and weightiness ControlRegular physical occupation is an important part of effective incubus loss and weight maintenance. It also can help prevent several diseases and improve your overall health. It does not outcome what type of physical activity you perform--sports, planned exercise, household chores, yard work, or work-related tasks--all are beneficial. Studies show that even the most inactive people can bump off significant health benefits if they accumulate 30 minutes or more of physical activity per day. Based on these findings, the U.S. Public Health Service has set increased physical activity as a priority in Healthy People 2000, our national objectives to improve the health of Americans by the year 2000. search consistently shows that unremitting physical activity, combined with healthy eating habits, is the most efficient and healthful way to control your weight. Whether you are trying to lose weight or maintain it, you should understand the import ant role of physical activity and include it in your lifestyle. How Can Physical Activity Help Control My Weight? Physical activity helps to control your weight by using excess calories that otherwise would be stored as fat. Your automobile trunk weight is regulated by the depend of calories you eat and use each day. Everything you eat contains calories, and everything you do uses calories, including sleeping, breathing, and digesting food. Any physical activity in addition to what you normally do will use tautologic calories. Balancing the calories you use through physical activity with the calories you eat will help you achieve your desired weight. When you eat more calories than you need to perform your days activities, your body stores the extra calories and you gain weight (a). When you eat fewer calories than you use, your body uses the stored calories and you lose weight (b). When you eat the same amount of calories as your body uses, your weight stays the same (c). Food scales Any type of physical activity you choose to do--strenuous activities such as running or aerobic dancing or moderate-intensity activities such as walking or household work--will increase the number of calories your body uses. The key to successful weight control and improved overall health is do physical activity a part of your daily routine. What Are the Health Benefits of Physical Activity? In addition to helping to control your weight, research shows that regular physical activity can reduce your risk for several diseases and conditions and improve your overall quality of life.

Manufacturing in Space :: science space manufacturing

Mans capability to leave the Earth offers many new prospects for the future. Asteroid mining, building launch facilities on the moon, tourism, and space manufacturing argon only some of the many opportunities that are being considered.There are many considerations which must be examined . For example, in the case of manufacturing in space, economic factors hold can it be done on Earth ? If so, which offers a most cost effective venue? environmental factors include twain contamination of the ready and whatever pollutants may be generated in the manufacturing process. Let us examine some of the advantages and disadvantages of this enterprise.AdvantagesWhy manufacture in space? Space offers many unique(p) conditions which alter the properties of materials manufactured. The two major conditions are lack of gravity and lack of contaminationMicrogravityGravity causes properties familiar to all of us. One of which is the separation of fluids according to density. With the remot ion of gravity, alloys and mixtures of materials with properties incompatible here on Earth can be made, resulting in alloys or mixtures which have completely different properties than those found on earth. Other processes which gain from a lack of gravity include welding, crystal growth, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, non linear optic and photonic materials.ContaminationSpace is a sterile environment. Sensitive production such as semi conductors and biotech would benefit from not having to use expensive equipment to filter out harmful dust which is so prevalent on the Earth.DisadvantagesThe major disadvantage to manufacturing in space is cost. Currently all space bound vehicles are government owned. Fee structures for sending materials into space are exorbitant and delivery service is both uncertain and infrequent. It costs approximately $20,000.00 per pound to send materials into space currently. Although NASAs culture is to get the cost down to $100.00 per pound it is not likely that this will die any time soon.Scheduling also remains a problem. The current shuttle fleet flies about 7 missions per year compared to a goal of once per week.

Architecture Set In Motion Essay examples -- essays research papers

1. Bouffrand Salon de la Princess, hotel de Soubise, Paris, France, begun 1730sSalon de la Princess, is a galore(postnominal) sided cylindrical intragroup room and is fragment of the Rococo title that incorporates minimal architectural features and light airy interior decoration, that develops into a profession of interior design. Rococo is the revolt against complicated Baroque that decorated the interior of Versailles, in revolt against the palace and after the death of Louis XIV, French women who had city houses in Paris inspired a new lightened airy style of decor and architecture. As seen in the Salon de la Princess, the structure of the room has virtually been covered up by white walls of wood and mirrors, and it only contains hints of the classical orders and conventions, time conveying the modern concept of space free of major structural forms. The predominate feature in the room is the gold plaster decorations that adorn the ideal space and within this is seen the mai n curving arabesque line that flows throughout the style and characterizes it as a free flowing form of design, and makes classical references to the fantasy decorations apply by the mannerist and found in the Roman villas, complete with cupids, garlands, and birds. Salon de la Princesse is the last major style before neoclassicism, but the free form of the style is a predominate feature in modern organic architecture, and redevelops in the late nineteenth century through the style of Art Nouveau, which is used by Victor Horta, in the Tassel House.2.Hoare et al. Stourhead, Wiltshire, England, redesign begun 1750sThe English garden is one of the greatest gifts that English designers have contributed to the world of architecture, and the gardens that surround the Stourhead estate in Wiltshire England are massed with many forms of natural origin, and as containers of natural descent they incorporate curving elements, as in the cylinder, cone and sphere, however among the natural creat ions are manmade structures that contradict natures verdant burgeoning parade of the curve, with structures that include the cube, or squared forms that makes for a cornucopia of forms both natural and manmade. Theinspiration behind the English garden lay in the Neoclassical drift against the structural formality of the Renaissance garden landscape, and in England wh... ...oses of space. One main idea developed by Wright through his career is architecture set in motion and true to a living organism, like the three planes in Falling Water that seem to hover over top the water fall, as do the walls that wrap around the Guggenheim forming a structural cyclone, which is mirrored on the interior by a ramp that wraps around a central atrium and provides for displaying device work along the walls of the ramp, but proves to be quite unsuccessful because Wright as anegomaniac made certain that the structure is the main focus and the more or less dynamic nontextual matter piece exibited , putting architecture on the same plane as the visual arts. As many of his homes influence modern day suburban the States in the Historicism movement, the Guggenheim influences the Post Modern Movement, a theory in practice that believes Modernism failed and incorporates references to the past with sculptural freedom and clarity of form, as does the latest and most dynamic display of architecture to come out of the 1990s, and direct descendent from Wrights, New York museum, is Frank O. Gehrys Guggenheim Museum(1997) in Bilbao, Spain, that Philip Johnson called, the greatestbuilding of our century.

Rae, We Pray For You :: essays research papers

Rae, We Pray for you instruction execution in the murderer is no such ruinous thought as poets and romancers will have it it does not unsettle him, or fright him from his ordinary notice of trifles it is an act quite easy to be contemplated. Ralph Waldo Emerson Is Rae Carruth unsettled? Is he b otherwiseed? Is Carruth in the contemplative conception yet? I certainly hope he is. Rae Carruth has taken away a human beings life. He has violated that certain enjoyment that exists in life. It is what separates the human race, from all others. Logic and reason that we possess in such high quantities as human beings apparently are lacking in Carruths case. It seems to harbour little sense, especially in Carruths situation. He seemed to have everything going for him, having achieved his dream to become a professional athlete and supporting his parents and relatives on this new fame as he had always promised. Yet, something was happening to Rae Carruth. Obviously, he was not happy with hi s life at that point. Still, murder is not exactly a sensible action, not even as a last resort to most who have their wits about them. It seemed as though Carruth felt that he had no other choice. He seemed to take the classic, I dont like you, so Ill beat you up, mantra of the playgrounds to a much harsher end in this case. With Carruth you must hesitation many things about him, his sanity, his maturity, his intelligence, and above all his reason. Obviously, he soon realized the magnitude of his act, as he fled as a fugitive until he was caught. Murder is not a crime of chance, you have to get the deed done and correctly, that is why Carruth hired a few thugs to do the job for him. Even if Carruth did not pull the trigger, it is very clear that he is still a murderer. His fate is the question to most. This will probably not be determined until Carruth goes to trial, probably in about a year. The prosecution will seek the death penalty for Carruth and rightfully so. In our current society today, only the most horrific of criminals commonly get the death penalty because we do not operate on an eye for eye basis. In the present criminal justice system replenishment seems to be the operative word. It is not that Carruth is beyond rehibilition, but that he does not deserve to live.

John Watson Essay -- Psychology, Behaviorism

Watsons life history John Broadus Watson was a famous American psychologist who lived between the year 1878 and 1958. He was born in a vagabond called Greenville in South Carolina. Johns father was called Pickens and Emma was his mother and he was their fourth born child. The family was not well of financially they just lived in poverty. In spite of the poverty that engulfed the family, Johns father turned to be a habitual drunkard who cared less for his family. However, Emma Johns mother was a devoted religious woman who struggled to take care of the children with less support from her husband (Watson, 1999). In 1891, Pickens Johns father left the family and disappeared since he was person who engaged in extra marital affairs with other women a situation which even strained their marriage with his wife Emma and the relationship with his children. When Pickens had disappeared from home, John became a naughty boy and he became so confused in life due to lack of the full parental ca re of both parents. He became obstreperous at school even he did not want to listen to the advice from his teachers. He bullied his fellow students and involved in other antisocial behaviors which were sooner unsatisfactory at the school environment, further more he became violent and even rebelled his mother.Johns life started to turn around by the help of his teacher called Gordon Moore at the time he was a student at Furman University. He later on developed a positive attitude towards academic go bad since he realized that at least he can now contribute to the community regardless of the poverty state of his family. His academic performance was quite brilliant and he was able to succeed and secure a chance in the University of Chicago to pursue his m... ...eover, critics argue that animals and people can easily conciliate behaviors when new information is introduced even if the previous pattern of behavior has been already established by reinforcement.In conclusion, the theo ry of behaviorism is based on noticeable behaviors for easier quantification and data collection. Effective techniques such behavior intervention and discrete trial training originates from this school of thought. The approaches are very essential in altering the maladaptive behaviors in adults and even children (Cherry, 2011). Therefore, Professor John Watson is greatly saluted for his tremendous contribution to modern psychology since his work was a big transition from the work of in the beginning scholars to the modern scholars. His life history is quite inspiring and serves as a role model to the young scholars who are interested in studying psychology.

John Watson Essay -- Psychology, Behaviorism

Watsons life history nates Broadus Watson was a famous American psychologist who lived between the year 1878 and 1958. He was born in a place called Greenville in South Carolina. Johns father was called Pickens and Emma was his mother and he was their tail born child. The family was not well of financially they just lived in poverty. In spite of the poverty that engulfed the family, Johns father turned to be a habitual drunkard who cared less for his family. However, Emma Johns mother was a devoted religious woman who struggled to take care of the children with less support from her maintain (Watson, 1999). In 1891, Pickens Johns father left the family and disappeared since he was somebody who engaged in extra marital affairs with other women a business office which even strained their marriage with his wife Emma and the relationship with his children. When Pickens had disappeared from home, John became a naughty boy and he became so confused in life collectible to lack of the full parental care of both parents. He became defiant at school even he did not want to listen to the advice from his teachers. He bullied his fellow students and involved in other antisocial behaviors which were quite unacceptable at the school environment, further more he became violent and even rebelled his mother.Johns life started to turn around by the help of his teacher called Gordon Moore at the time he was a student at Furman University. He subsequently on developed a positive attitude towards academic work since he realized that at least he can now alter to the community regardless of the poverty state of his family. His academic performance was quite brilliant and he was able to succeed and secure a chance in the University of Chicago to pursue his m... ...eover, critics argue that animals and people can easily adapt behaviors when new information is introduced even if the previous pattern of behavior has been already open by reinforcement.In conclusion, the theory of behaviorism is based on observable behaviors for easier quantification and data collection. Effective techniques such behavior intervention and discrete trial training originates from this school of thought. The approaches are very essential in altering the maladaptive behaviors in adults and even children (Cherry, 2011). Therefore, Professor John Watson is greatly saluted for his tremendous contribution to youthful psychology since his work was a big transition from the work of earlier scholars to the modern scholars. His life history is quite inspiring and serves as a parting model to the young scholars who are interested in studying psychology.

Fast and Feast

Wednesday, I was appreciative and prayed like I said I would. When I found that I was appreciative I ripe said a small thank you to God and I was proud of all the banqueting that I had done. However, I found that even though I was appreciative I was still complaining. One of the things we, as Christians, are asked to do during Lent is organize a sacrifice that will help us focus on resisting earthly distractions. Although complaining is non what you would normally think of as a worldly distraction such as TV or the computer, it still distracts me from God. During the first two days I realized that I had to balance my appreciation and complaining.I could not focus wholly on one or else I would forget about the other. On both Thursday and Friday of that week I tried my lift out to concentrate on both my feasting and desist and learned by the end how to keep from complaining but in any case appreciate everything I am given and all the opportunities I have. One of these spoken op portunities was the chance to go on the Mid-night Run. It was very fitting that this was the last day of my five-day self-restraint/ feasting thrust because I feel like I was most appreciative during this day. All the people on the Mid-night Run went into NY City and handed out clothes and fare to the homeless.At first I tried to be impartial to the whole matter because I did not want to cry in the middle of a city street. However, as the people started coming more and more I found myself feeling so sorry for them. I said a quick petition in my head for them and that wherever they would sleep would be warm since it was so cold outside. What really affected me was when a small woman came over and asked If we had any underwear. This In particular blew my mind I then realized how bad they must have It If a woman has to beg for underwear. Even though the five-day fasting/ feasting project is over I still try not to complain.When I do, I think of how fortunate I am in equation to all those people out there who wish for half the life I have. Dying to ourselves, letting go of our own wants and needs, leaves us open to welcome God in, to pay attention to something other than ourselves. This experience has made me more aware of all the joy that I deprived myself of. When I halt myself from complaining, I realized how much better I felt. I felt as if I had made the whole situation better for myself and I did. When I stopped complaining, I subsequently stopped petty arguments and cruel or annoyed caprices.Once I stopped I found yeses in a better mood altogether and I think It also rubbed off on the people around me. Overall, letting go of my own wants and needs, gave everyone an Improved attitude and allowed for more path to let God In. By not complaining I have a whole part of my life that essentially cut of. This part has nowadays been filled with my appreciation and God. By separating myself from complaining I can turn to God and appreciative and happy I bring on that sense of fulfilment to other people. For Catholics, dying to ourselves, we enter some way or another into Chrisms dying and we rise to new life with Him as well. (TM p. 9) The new life I have been brought is one of acceptance and appreciation. As I moved through the week, I found that as I complained less, I became more and more let loose as well. The complaining, when I was unable to stop myself, bothered me more than I think it bothered my parents. I found that I started to enjoy myself more as I accepted events around me. I knew I could not change that fact that it was cold outside so I accepted it for what it was and appreciated that I had clothes to keep me warm. By living this new life that was one of acceptance and appreciation I feel as if I have also opened up a new relationship tit God.I am closer to my ultimate vocation, union with God, after having been brought this new life through my fasting/feasting project. The overall purpose of Lent is to prepare fo r Easter and prepare to celebrate new life with the Resurrection. It is also a period of intense education for catchments to enter the church. During this preparation, Christians focus on living the Kingdom of God more intensely than they do during the rest of the year. This fasting is not only a erratum fast from eating, but also a chance to make a sacrifice that will help us Ochs on resisting worldly distractions.This is self-discipline and also an opportunity to make more room for God and to move closer to him. When we fast together as a community, it is the whole church community inception themselves up to God together. My experience over the last five days has helped me live out the purpose of Lent by exposing me to the deeper meaning of the fast. Instead of Just giving up candy or chips, I have given up a part of my life that has only brought me down, and opened myself up to happiness, fulfillment, acceptance, appreciation, and a closer relationship with God.

Happiness and Humor Group Promotes Life Satisfaction for Senior Center Participants Essay

Abstract The personal effects of a cheer and mentality collection in the promotion of life satisfaction in an fourth-year ticker were examined. Fifteen participants in the beginning of the conduct were attached a self-rated 32-item Life Satisfaction plate watch over. After which they engaged in a once a week, 10-week program for the Happiness and Humor Group. Although the physique of participants incr expertnessd by dint of with(predicate) prohibited the sessions, only the 15 original participants were administered the akin test aft(prenominal)(prenominal) completion of program. Introduction The adjudicate of the study is to address former findings conducted by the same investigator.A year ago, the research worker performed a qualitative study on stress. In the earlier study, on that point were 54 participants, ages 65-100 years, all of whom are members of several(prenominal) Southern California elderberry bush recreation programs. It was take heeded that the p rimary stressor among older adults was l unrivaledliness. As a follow-up to this, the researcher deemed it necessary to develop a grouping program that would address coping skills for the stressor. In late adulthood, people experience a lot of stressful mo custodyts when they calculate e preciseday with pessimism and regret nearly the past.In the opinion of the researcher, the psychological and over all well-being of the elderly is being neglected as the world faces more innovation and move progress in technology, basically banking on younger people. The elderly continues to be an important part of hostelry and their concerns induct to be addressed. Since virtually of them, especially those living in senior centers, face loneliness as they are already distant from relatives and family, the researcher thought that something should be done to ease the pain of being lonely.The Happiness and Humor Group was offered once a week for a 10-week period and was held at a local Califo rnia major(postnominal) Center. An initial test, Life Satisfaction Scale (Lohmann, 1976) was conducted to the original 15 participants. The same is done after completion of program. The Happiness and Humor Group should improve the lives of the participants and attach their satisfaction for their present living status. They should be healthier and more psychologically balanced and score higher in the written scale survey after they finish all the sessions in the program. look backward of Related Literature Old age in some books is concretely defined as the stage of a psyches life after 65 years (Burgess, 1949). However, on that point are people younger than 65 years that tend to manifest those characteristics that continue being of old age (Burgess, 1949). To understandably define old age, it is the last period of a persons life terminated by death. fit in to some books (Papalia, 2002), senescent is divided into deuce stages Primary and unoriginal ripening. Primary ripening is said to be the magazine when the be inevitably deteriorates and this process continues through out the years.On the some otherwise hand, Secondary aging results from the abuse the body receives through the years. These abuses are oft avoidable and are within the control of the humankind person (Papalia, 2002). Along with other indications of aging is the manifestation of psychological changes. Depression, for one is seen as one of the psychological problems faced by the elderly today. It too affects the biologic aspect of living, how organs in our body work, blood flow, etc. Depression is said to speed up physical decline of aging and cause problems internally (Papalia, 2002).As much as there are shun and problematic aspects to aging, like all other stages of development in a persons life, there is also a decreed light to this. Erik Eriksons Theory on Human Development indicates that at this late period of adulthood, a person experiences a conflict between self integr ity versus despair (Papalia, 2002). One has to get past the troubles of yesterday, get over regret and what-could-have-beens and learn to accept the oneness of ones life and the glueyness of learning picked up throughout the years.Nonethe little, there are disparate slipway to measure a persons life satisfaction in aging. in that location are scientists who measure this through health conditions, cardiovascular functioning, brain activity, psychological well-being, sparing stability, etc (Papalia et al). Nevertheless, all of these chat up a role in a brawny persons life. Although, in different studies, other people, for example, give more importance to their health or economic stability as their basis for an fulfill or successful aging. In the end, it may still depend on a persons priorities in life that could patron him or her carry through optimal aging.There are different theories that deal with aging. One is the Disengagement theory (Papalia, 2002), which simply state s that at this particular proposition stage, people tend to relinquish themselves with society and focus more on themselves. They tend to be more in touch with their thoughts, feelings and emotions as they look spinal column at the past and materialize what they have learned, gone throughboth positive and contradict. On the other hand, there is the activity theory (Papalia, 2002) that indicates that to achieve discover aging, one must engage him or her in different activities.A nonher important theory that should be taken into account when dealing with better aging is the Continuity Theory (Papalia, 2002). This states that there is a great lack for the elderly to relate the present and the past. For them to be satisfied, they have to be able to continue doing what they are employ to when they are younger. It could mean that a once muscular youthful man who is active in sports should not be hindered by age to play his interest. Activities should be present as it was when they had the energy to do it. Of course, one should strain themselves so much to the extent of injury.However, being able to do what one pile do before, is an encouragement in itself and provides opportunity for good aging. excursion from mold and being active, sense of humour and gag help a lot in the aging process. As earlier mentioned, the elderly tend to be more serious as they reflect on their lives. This may produce a lot of negative feelings as they face regret and sorrow at losses. Negative feelings do not only affect mental health but also the immaculate functioning of the human person. There are a great number of studies and literature depicting humor and laughter as greatly influential to the benefit of a persons over-all well-being.It improves the immune system, heart functioning and mental health, among others (Du Pre, 1998). According to studies, cortisol, a hormone secreted by the body during times of stress suppresses the proper functioning of the immune system m aking humans more inclined to getting sick (Du Pre, 1998). To counter this, studies have been made to show that laughter, in fact, acts against the negative effects of stress. (Du Pre, 1998). In a study made by Dillon, Minchoff and Baker (1985), participants were made to watch humorous videos. They have found that those who watched the videos had a profound adjoin in an Immonoglobulin A (IgA) level.This substance is a virus-fighting chemical made by the immune system (Du Pre, 1998). Studies like this show that indeed laughter and humor stomach a great deal to improving a persons immune system. Laughter can be achieved through favorable interaction and other forms of entertainment such as videos and film viewing. Another study by Adams and McGuires (1986) showed that through a 6-week period observation of elderly participants watching funny videos, there had been a significant decrease in requests of pain-relieving medication (Du Pre, 1998). The social interaction portion of laug hter is very much helpful, as well.Unfortunately, for the elderly, as they try to disengage themselves and focus more on self, they forget to interact and the importance of sharing and relating with others. Such is the importance of group psychotherapeutics. According to Yalom (1995), group psychotherapy brings about instillation of hope, interpersonal learning, group cohesiveness and universality. People kick the bucket more hopeful as they see that there are others who are in the same boat. They find out that there are those who can relate to them and that they are not the only ones who are going through the things that they are experiencing.The same is true up for its universality. Group dynamics brings natural concern and care for others. They become more mindful of their surroundings and helpful, allowing themselves to be useful (Yalom, 1995). Interpersonal learning is picked up as each one involves him or herself in discussions. As they component part their feelings and wo rk out their problems they become more cohesive as a group and help in the development of the social skills that they thought they do not need anymore. Indeed, humor is a powerful force with the psychological and physiological effects on the body similar to the health benefits of aerobic exercise.The National Council on Aging promotes quality of life as an important factor for successful aging and a major component in ones perception of blessedness. In a study involving 182 participants, Vilaythong, Arnau, Rosen & Mascaro (2003) saw a relationship between humor and hopefulness. The researchers spy an amplification in the state of hopefulness after exposure to humor. Moreover, Wooten, (1996), stated Finding humor in a situation and laughing freely with others can be a powerful antidote to stress and gives us a adept of perspective on our problems. Of course, in all this, there is a mind check that should be taken into account.One must be optimistic about things and their chanc e in life. At the age nearing death, it could be said that this is somewhat very difficult. The elderly is typically viewed as people who are not as functional as they were in their youth (Cox, 1993). The people or family surrounding a senior person should not automatically think that an elder needs his or her assistance. When an elderly feels that he or she has to be assisted in everything and could not perform in mutualistly, this may lead to a feeling of low self-worth and they become more pessimistic about things (Cox, 1993).If people can trust elders to carry out tasks, not to difficult for them to perform independently, then they learn to build confidence on what they can do. Furthermore, doubts about themselves, reservations and other un kempt beliefs that maybe they cannot have office anymore, gradually disappears (Dryden, 2001). Here, one can see the effect that positive thinking or optimism provided by the environment, and later on re-learned by self, helps in healthy and a higher satisfaction in aging. Putting all this together, one could see that there is a right way to age.The elderly can get maximal satisfaction in aging if they conserved their energy and strength, if they are able to adapt to challenges and losses, and finally, if they could spend their time productively and wisely (Papalia, 2002). Method Subjects 17 men and women ages 65-89 years who volunteered were administered a pre- and post- self-rated 32-item Life Satisfaction Scale Survey (Lohman, 1976). The form used did not ask for the individual names of the participants. Rather, they were asked to put a delusive name to ensure honesty and validity of results.The initial testing was conducted during the first session of the Happiness and Humor Group, and the final testing was done on the tenth and final session. Materials A scale survey called Life Satisfaction by Lohman (1976) was conducted. The Happiness and Humor group consisted of a 10-session program which was carried out once a week in a span of 10 weeks. Film viewing was used, this includes DVDs brought by the participants themselves and a few episodes starring Ellen DeGeneres. Lively music was also used in some of the sessions where there was dancing and exercise.Whistles, candies and other paraphernalia were also used in different sessions, serving different symbolisms and purpose. Procedure The first session of The Happiness and Humor Group at their senior center included 15 participants. They were given a test to measure their Life Satisfaction. They were not prompted for real names, rather they were asked to put fictitious names. Afterwards, the first activity began. Each participant was asked to pick a glaze over or energy bar which best accommodate or represented his or her personality. The session was ended by the researcher giving a lecture regarding pessimists and optimists.The second session included additional participants. The researcher welcomed the larger group with an activity Lighten Your Load in which everyone divided up a way that they could lift pressure from their lives. An intense discussion took place pursual the introduction of the topic, The Typical Wants and Desires of Human Beings. An activity of light exercise to lively music concluded this session. More people joined during the third session. The importance of Exercise, Nutrition, cheer and Attitude (ENRA) , and how these all added to a happier and healthy life was discussed.Exploring the ENRA principle of Attitude consisted of an activity Count Your Blessings where the participants wrote down and shared three positive things that happened to them during the week. They were also asked to share with the group how they think they were able to contribute to the positive things that happened to them. At the end of this third session, group members, not the instructor, began to tell jokes which enabled them to connect with each other through shared humor. Similar activities followed after this session, at the same time, more people joined in.Group psychotherapy happens as they share with each other ways to cope with loneliness and how they started thinking more positively. On the seventh session, a discussion was initiated regarding how guilt blocked happiness. Film viewing was also then started. A brief episode that starred Ellen DeGeneres was shown to the group. The video was followed by a laughter prescription issued by the researcher. This entailed all the participants to have a daily dose of 15 minutes of laughter everyday. The session ended with the prescription papers in reality signed by the researcher.The eighth session was composed of 25 participants. There was exercise and the researcher introduced an international folk dance. Such activity enforced the ENRA principles. Kazoos and whistles were distributed with the instructions to blow the whistle on themselves when they got too serious. The session again, ended with a summarisation of what they have learned that day and group sharing. The sessions that followed were characterized by more film viewing, exercise and dancing. The participants were encouraged to bring their own DVDs or videos should they want to share with the other group members.Later in the session, ENRA principles of Nutrition and Recreation were discussed as they were related to community availability. The researcher offered directories to farmers markets nearby and ideas for low cost activities and entertainment around the community. The participants were often reminded that happy people eat healthy foods, exercise, play, and most importantly, have a positive attitude toward life. At the tenth and last session, each participant current a certificate of achievement for being a part of Happiness and Humor Group.They celebrated their success with each other at a healthy buffet which consisted of fresh and healthy food that they themselves purchased from the local farmers market. The session ended with humorous stories, ones tha t they could share with friends or recall for their own 15 minutes of laughter just had been prescribed. Results n=17 Mean SD Pre 42. 605 54. 256 22. 6 Post 65. 828 72. 883 13. 7 Difference between tests 5. 6 Table 1. Results for Life Satisfaction Scale Survey (Lohman 1976) Table 1 shows the mean and standard deviations of the group before and after the intervention.Specifically, the mean before the intervention is 54. 256, and this has increased to 72. 883 after the happiness and humor sessions. signification Level 0. 5 Table 2. T-Tests Variable Method Variances DF t-Value Prt Score Pooled Equal 32 2. 90 0. 0067 Score Satterthwaite Unequal 26. 3 2. 90 0. 0074 The conduct of the t-tests for dependent groups show that the post-test score is significantly higher than the pre-test score (t=2. 90, pF Score Folder F 16 2. 73 0. 0528 The insignificant F-value shows in Levenes test for comparability of variances (F=2. 73, p. 05) suggests that both score distributions (pre and post) come from normally distributed score populations. Discussion From the statistical results above, one can see that there is significant change in the participants. Also, qualitatively, their outlook has changed significantly and they have become more optimistic. In the beginning, it was evident that group dynamics and sharing are really effective tools.One member, Cam, 75, shared eagerly during the first session that her selection of the candy bar reminded her of growing up in an orphanage in Scotland. Another, Abraham, 82, told about how he would eat a bite-sized candy bar and relax in the afternoon. The verbal and nonverbal connections were being established between group members, even reaching out to the silent and timid ones. Participants also felt more at ease because of the environment that was presented to them. Jokes are highly welcomed and encouraged.In fact, more than once, the researcher would tell a joke, reminding the participants of the group the theme of happiness that is t he program. Also, it encouraged people to show and share p humanistic discipline of their lives through funny and touching anecdotes. Group cohesiveness was noticeable by the fourth session and continued throughout the remainder of the sessions. Participants served each other coffee, listened without interrupting, and best of all, made plans to socialize outside of the weekly group meetings. Edna, 68, stated that she felt like a kinder person.She mentioned that she called friends and invited them to her apartment, consider to a more confident and more sociable outlook in life. Another participant, Keiko, a timid, more quite 83-year-old, cried at the end of one of the sessions when she shared that she allowed her son to drain her of happiness. She declared that she was going to put into practice what she had learned in the group. Sharings were always rewarded and welcomed eagerly by other participants. They have learned to become more open to one anothers concerns and have become gr eatly supportive of one another.Both participants and researcher saw how popular the Happiness and Humor Group grew. People came in wanting to join because they say that they want to be happy. Even during the course of the program changes and positive results could already be seen in the participants. They themselves would say how much they are already evolving. For instance, Sam, 82, disclosed that he was easily annoyed by many people and he wanted to learn a better way of relating to those who bothered him which showed a shift in his attitude. Many other observations and learnings came from the members themselves.There were observed comments such as a time when it was noted how appointments are made with doctors and dentists for specific health concerns, but one never sets a meeting for life-renewing recreation and leisure. This realization came about during the session when they were given laughter prescriptions. In the latter part of the program, one could easily detect that pe ople are greatly more confident to share personal matters as compared when they were just starting. They were able to vent out concerns and this made them feel really better, emotionally, most especially.One member, Dixie, brought up during one of the sessions the issue about families. The participants spoke of family traditions and ritual, children and parents playacting together, laughter and honest, open communication without retaliation. Dixie, once an abused spouse, went on to say that the group has empowered her to be happy and feel less guilty. After paygrade of all these, the researcher feels confident that the Humor and Happiness Group program indeed served its purpose. The elderly felt more comfortable to socialize and felt less lonely, seeing that there are those around them who can relate with their feelings and emotions.They think more positively and are more accepting of where they are now, hopefully, looking at the past with less regret. They are equipped with knowl edge of adequate exercise, varying forms of it, to keep them fit, proper nutrition to keep their minds healthy and working. Researchers in gerontology, leisure services, social work and related disciplines are eager to discover how to increase the quality of life for older adults, particularly those stressed by loneliness. Furthermore, many researchers have followed a line of investigation comparing the relationship between possessing a sense of humor and good health.Leslie Gibson, a hospice community liaison, has observed that the more developed the sense of humor, the more graceful the acceptance of physical change and deterioration associated with aging. The Happiness and Humors Group developed for an aging population demonstrated that humor was a significant part of increasing their life satisfaction. In part, it was made possible by connecting the participants with others during the ten sessions in order to create a bond, a sense of be through humor and laughter.The researcher encourages administrators and practitioners to explore the possibility of launching a similar group within their own communities to help promote greater life satisfaction among the older adult populations that they serve. Lastly, a further study could be conducted similar to the Happiness and Humor Group. Other activities such as one on one consultations with psychologists and patients could be conducted to maybe reach out to those who are really having a hard time opening up in big groups. frequence of the session could also be improved, making it twice to thrice a week, instead of once a week. The total length of the program could actually be considered enough to host all needed activities for the participants. However, if such program would be revised, adding more that could specifically cater to the needs of other elders in other cultures, a longer program period is advised. Another improvement could be made by asking the participants who just later joined the Happiness and Hum or Group to provide feedback and have them accomplish surveys as to how the program actually enriched their lives.Family support could also be added to the curriculum, although this may be hard for those who have relatives or family far from the center where they are in. All in all, the Happiness and Humor Group could be considered a success on its own and in the future when it would actually be implemented in senior centers, the researcher hopes that more elderly would be able to participate and experience the life-changing process the program offers.References Alpert, J. E. & Fava, M. (2004). Handbook of degenerative depressionDiagnosis and therapeutic management. New York Marcel Dekker. Anastasi, A. & Urbina, S. (2002). Psychological Testing (7th Ed.) New Jersey Prentice Hall. Arnau, R. C. , Rosen, D. H. & Vilaythong, A. P. (2003). Humor and hope Can humor increase hope? International Journal of Humor Research. 16-1, 78-89. Ayres, V. E. , Mackenzie, K. R. , Weisman, M. M. , Welc h, & R. R. , Wilfley, D. E. (2000).Interpersonal psychotherapy for group. New York rudimentary Books. Bernard, M. E. , & DiGuiseppe, R. (1994). Rational-emotive consultation in applied settings. New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Burgess, E. W. , Cavan, R. S. , Golhamer, H. , & Havighurst, R. J. (1949). Personal adjustment in old age. Chicago Science Research Associates. Boyle, G. J, & Joss-Reid, J.M. (2004).Relationship of humour to health A psychometric investigation. British Journal of Health Psychology, 9, 51-66. Cox, C. (1993). The frail elderly Problems, needs and community responses. Westport, CT Auburn House Paperback. Dryden, W. (2001). Reason to change A rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) workbook. New York Brunner-Routledge. Du Pre, A. (1998). Humor and the healing arts A multimethod analysis of humor use in health care. New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Elmes, D. G. , Kontowitz, B. H. , Roediger III, H. L. (2001). Experimental psychology (7th Ed. ). Si ngapore Wadsworth. Macfarland, K.(2005).Battling late-life depression Short term psychotherapy for depression in older adults-A review of evidence based studies since 2000. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association. 8(4). Papalia, D. E. , & Olds, S. W. (2002). Human development (8th Ed. ). New York McGraw Hill. Pinel, J. P. J. (2003). Biopsychology (5th Ed. ). Boston Pearson. Roeckelein, J. E. (2002). The psychology of humor A reference guide and annotated bibliography. Westport, CT Greenwood. Szabo, A. (2003). The acute effects of humor and exercise on mood and anxiety. Journal of Leisure Research. 35(2). Turnbull, M. & Wolfson, S. (2002).Effects of exercise and end feedback on mood Evidence for misattribution. Journal of Sport Behavior 25, 4. Wooten, P. (1996). Humor An anecdote for stress. Holistic Nursing Practice. 10, 49-55. Yalom, I. D. (1995). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy. New York Basic Books. Plagiarism Report Generated by EVE 2. 4 7/3/2007 114632 PM Document Humor 1. doc heart of document detected to be plagiarized . 54% (less than 1%) Please Note Because plagiarsm on this paper is below 15%, please check these results cautiously to make sure plagiarism has in fact occured.Matching material was found on these sites http//www. sp. uconn. edu/yian/frl/26sptrel. htm Student essay with matching content underlined for easy espial Running Head LIFE SATISFACTION FOR SENIOR CENTER PARTCIPANTS Happiness and Humor Group Promotes Life Satisfaction for Senior Center Participants Abstract The effects of a Happiness and Humor Group in the promotion of life satisfaction in an elderly center were examined. Fifteen participants in the beginning of the study were given a self-rated 32-item Life Satisfaction Scale Survey.After which they engaged in a once a week, 10-week program for the Happiness and Humor Group. Although the number of participants increased throughout the sessions, only the 15 original participants were administered the sam e test after completion of program. Introduction The purpose of the study is to address former findings conducted by the same researcher. A year ago, the researcher performed a qualitative study on stress. In the earlier study, there were 54 participants, ages 65-100 years, all of whom are members of several Southern California senior recreation programs.It was learned that the primary stressor among older adults was loneliness. As a follow-up to this, the researcher deemed it necessary to develop a group program that would address coping skills for the stressor. In late adulthood, people experience a lot of stressful moments when they face everyday with pessimism and regret about the past. In the opinion of the researcher, the psychological and over all well-being of the elderly is being neglected as the world faces many innovation and continued progress in technology, basically banking on younger people.The elderly continues to be an important part of society and their concerns ha ve to be addressed. Since most of them, especially those living in senior centers, face loneliness as they are already far from relatives and family, the researcher thought that something should be done to ease the pain of being lonely. The Happiness and Humor Group was offered once a week for a 10-week period and was held at a local California Senior Center. An initial test, Life Satisfaction Scale (Lohmann, 1976) was conducted to the original 15 participants. The same is done after completion of program.The Happiness and Humor Group should improve the lives of the participants and increase their satisfaction for their present living status. They should be healthier and more psychologically balanced and score higher in the written scale survey after they finish all the sessions in the program. Review of Related Literature Old age in some books is concretely defined as the stage of a persons life after 65 years (Burgess, 1949). However, there are people younger than 65 years that te nd to manifest those characteristics that encompass being of old age (Burgess, 1949).Ergo, to clearly define old age, it is the last period of a persons life terminated by death. According to some books (Papalia, 2002), aging is divided into two stages Primary and Secondary aging. Primary aging is said to be the time when the body inevitably deteriorates and this process continues through out the years. On the other hand, Secondary aging results from the abuse the body receives through the years. These abuses are often avoidable and are within the control of the human person (Papalia, 2002). Along with other indications of aging is the manifestation of psychological changes.Depression, for one is seen as one of the psychological problems faced by the elderly today. It also affects the biological aspect of living, how organs in our body work, blood flow, etc. Depression is said to speed up physical decline of aging and cause problems internally (Papalia, 2002). As much as there are n egative and problematic aspects to aging, like all other stages of development in a persons life, there is also a positive light to this. Erik Eriksons Theory on Human Development indicates that at this late period of adulthood, a person experiences a conflict between ego integrity versus despair (Papalia, 2002).One has to get past the troubles of yesterday, get over regret and what-could-have-beens and learn to accept the wholeness of ones life and the coherence of learning picked up throughout the years. Nonetheless, there are different ways to measure a persons life satisfaction in aging. There are scientists who measure this through health conditions, cardiovascular functioning, brain activity, psychological well-being, economic stability, etc (Papalia et al). Nevertheless, all of these play a role in a healthy persons life.Although, in different studies, other people, for example, give more importance to their health or economic stability as their basis for an accomplished or s uccessful aging. In the end, it may still depend on a persons priorities in life that could help him or her achieve optimal aging. There are different theories that deal with aging. One is the Disengagement theory (Papalia, 2002), which simply states that at this particular stage, people tend to disengage themselves with society and focus more on themselves.They tend to be more in touch with their thoughts, feelings and emotions as they look back at the past and realize what they have learned, gone through-both positive and negative. On the other hand, there is the activity theory (Papalia, 2002) that indicates that to achieve better aging, one must engage him or her in different activities. Another important theory that should be taken into account when dealing with better aging is the Continuity Theory (Papalia, 2002). This states that there is a great need for the elderly to relate the present and the past.For them to be satisfied, they have to be able to continue doing what they are used to when they are younger. It could mean that a once healthy youthful man who is active in sports should not be hindered by age to play his interest. Activities should be present as it was when they had the energy to do it. Of course, one should strain themselves so much to the extent of injury. However, being able to do what one can do before, is an encouragement in itself and provides opportunity for proper aging. Aside from exercise.

Adult Development Analysis

Lamis came from a family that originated from the country of Pakistan. She has a big familyher m other(a), male parent, fiver brothers, and deuce sistersand they all give enormousness to the values, culture and behaviors inculcated into their minds by their parents. She expressed how blessed she was to be in a family that treasures love, respect, integrity, and life.Lamis life was indeed rattling challenging because she grew up amidst various complexities in life. When she was a little child, she was always confused as to whose directions should she follow because she has parents who are entirely two different individuals. Her mother is someone who loves to be with people so much.She likes socializing with people and undertaking activities with them because such experience gives her certain pleasure and enjoyment that she does non find in any other places. Her father, on the other hand, is the exact opposite of her mother. He does not like the idea of universe with people.He i s more comfort competent being alone in his receive place, perhaps because her father is a very private someone. He keeps a lot of things in his mind and usually do not share close to of those things to her mother. Furthermore, her father is very pragmatic and he is open-minded that he understands the contemporary things they do in their lives even if those are sometimes against his beliefs.On the contrary, her mother does not trust them to do things on their own. She is very strict in terms of the things they undertake. She wants them to always obey her because she believes that she knows what is best for her children.The contradictions demonstrated by Lamis parents made her initially a very confused individual. It affected the teaching of her morality. She told me she loves both of her parents so she was usually torn between whether to follow her father or her mother.She eventually learned to balance the characters of her parents and someway man epochd to grasp the positivit y of their differing individualities and created a whole set of values, behaviors, and beliefs that influenced her moral development.Lawrence Kohlberg, a theorist who proposed the concept of moral development, conceived that individuals continue through each symbolise of moral development consecutively with expose skipping or returning to a previous stage.According to him, the stages of processing ideas, implying qualitatively, various ways of reasoning, and of problem solving are incorporated in the threesome levels of pre-conventional, conventional and post conventional development (Hayes, 1994).The pre-conventional level of Kohlbergs moral development theory communicated that behavior is motivated by anticipation of pleasure or pain (Hayes, 1994). The child is aware of cultural rules and labels of good or bad and right or wrong.The subject then interprets the labels in terms of the physical consequence, such as punishment or reward. This was true in Lamis family particularly wi th how her parents raised them. Her mother, in particular, would always want them to help each other and to do things in accordance with her will because she was so strict during those times. She would not allow them to play outside the house if any of them disobey her.Also, she wanted them to always study substantial and incessantly reminded them the importance of education in their life. Hence, she would keep their toys and other sources of entertainment like television if they do not review their lessons at least two hours everyday.Her father, on the other hand, would reward them for every good things they do like c rock the house, fixing their bedrooms, and studying their lessons. He would buy them special cookies or their favourite chocolates every good grade they get from domesticate.Going back to Kohlbergs moral development theory, the first level, pre-conventional, of moral thinking is generally bring at the childlike school level, before the age of nine (Kay, 1982). Th is level is divided into the following two stages.The punishment and obedience orientation. This is observed in children ages one to five. The subject is in avoidance of physical punishment and deference to power. The child behaves according to the socially accept sufficient norms, due to the fear of punishment by an authority figure. The physical aftermaths of an challenge ascertain its goodness or badness.What is right is to avoid breaking rules, to obey for obediences sake, and to avoid doing physical damage to people and property (as cited in Wart, 1998, p. 36). Furthermore, an individual at this stage does not fancy the thoughts or feelings of others, nor are they able to relate two points of view. As in Piagets framework, ego-centrism and the inability to consider the perspectives of others characterize the reasoning of stage one (Piaget, 2003).The individual instrumental purpose and exchange orientation. Subjects usually between the ages of 5 to 10 are observed maintaining the attributes of being self-serving. This stage is characterized by a view that right behavior means acting in ones own best interest and now and again taking into consideration the take of others (Penn State Engineering, 2006).There is an archean emergence of moral reciprocity. You scratch my back, Ill scratch yours. The individual will do what is necessary to reciprocate his own unavoidably not concentrating on loyalty or gratitude. Justice becomes Do unto others as they do unto you. What is right is the agile interest in the fig of an equal exchange, deal or agreement.A subject at this stage of moral development has a basic understanding that norms and conventions are necessary to uphold society. The shibboleth of this stage is Whats in it for me? Elements of sharing are present but are interpreted in a physical pragmatic way (Hayes, 1994).When Lamis was a little kid, she told me she really did not care so much about the feelings of other people like her siblings and pla ymates. What was important for her was to play and made sure that she did not violate any of her parents rules because her strict mother would surely punish her.Lamis was so young then that she actually did not understand everything her mother told her but she did greet the fact that her mother would not be happy if she does something wrong. Until Lamis learned to care about other people and realize the importance of doing good things to others.Her father contend an important part in making her understand the essentiality of recognizing the welfare of other individuals in order for those people to do the same good things to her.Lamis early learning experiences were fundamentally influenced by her family. She told me during the interview that she did not go to school early, unlike other children, because she had asthma. She wholly receiveed to go to school when she was eight years old.Apart from the fact that she had asthma, her parents were scared to leave Lamis in school at a very early age. Such action, according to her, was perhaps due to the conservatism in their culture. Yet, her father never forgot to tell her good things about going to school and learning new things from a teacher.Lamis father would always narrate his positive experiences he acquired from school and things that education allowed him to do. Hence, Lamis became really interested in going to school and in fact, became one of the best students when she started her formal education.Furthermore, Lamis was very thankful to her mother being extrovert. Although she was not allowed to go to school at an early age, her mother would always bring her whenever her mother would socialize with her friends and this was perhaps where she learned roughly of her social skills, where, according to Kohlberg and Piaget, most moral development occurs along with aging process (Duska & Whelan, 1975).When Lamis started her first formal education in Saudi Arabia, she admitted to me that she had complicated e xperiences the first time basically because she found it very challenging to assimilate to the culture of her school considering that her native culture was very different from the school culture in so many ways.On run of this, she did not know the English language that made it more difficult for her to interact with and understand her classmates. She divided up to me one experience and this happened during the school opening. She came to school with piffling hair and most of her classmates were making fun of her.Since she did not understand the language, she did not get affected and instead maintained her good values and behaviors that her parents inculcated into her mind. Lamis further shared to me some of her strengths when she was a student. She told me she was that kind of student who leads and influences other students. She never got intimidated by the presence of her classmates.In fact, she was the class leader and she was the one assigned to do the morning news and introd uction at school. She was capable of handling the entire class and her teacher actually entrusted to her the class whenever the teacher leaves. She took responsibilities very well. Such behaviors gave her good grades in school for 12 years.During this part of the interview, I was able to trace where these positive and steadfast attitudes and behaviors came from. I believe her being strong, socially interactive, intelligent, independent, and creative was due to the trainings provided by her parents when she was a little kid.As mentioned earlier, Lamis was introduced to the notion of reward and punishment system when she was young. Her strict mother would always ask her to study and do things accordingly otherwise a corresponding punishment would be executed.The interview moreover reveals that Lamis life is heavily influenced by her many individualal encounters with an array of people of equally diverging nature types. Which is wherefore, Erik Eriksons psychosocial theory appears to be a very good choice to help further elucidate Lamis ridiculous learning tendencies and personality traits.Eriksons model, if only to mention, puts higher premium than most on exploring the environmental influences of a person as one grows up. In other words, it considers the impact of external factors, parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood (Learning Theories, 2007).According to Erik Erikson, each person needs to undergo eight major life- defining stages over the period of their given life spans. And these stages, on a careful analysis, have two chief characteristics. First, these interrelated life stages infancy, toddler-hood, school-age, adolescence, early and mid and late-adulthood are differentiated not by the traditional sexual climax involving the use of chronologically-based age ordering system.Put in other words, Eriksons model does not rely on the age of the person in solely evaluating his or her psychological development. Instea d, Erikson conceives of these life stages always view of the growth and development of a person achieves relative to his or her age. Critical to his notion of psychosocial theory of personality development is the areas of growth that come with each life stage.Second, every life stage consists in a developmental task that confronts individuals with crisis (Satrock, 2006, p. 71). Eriksons model maintains that a person needs to find a resourceful way to successfully hurdle the respective crises each life stage brings him or her. If a person resolves a crisis, it serves his growth process well.If a person is unable figure a resolution for it, chances are, it stalls the development of his or her growth and well being. Crises, in needs to argued, are life-defining moments. And as such, it promises not only an ugly catastrophe for a person, but an enhanced potential of a red-blooded psychological life as well (p. 71).During infancy, Erikson believes that a person needs to resolve fundamen tal trusts issues. This is achieved when a child is adequately nurtured i.e., if the immediate environment the mother, father and siblings, among others responds well to his or her needs.If a child did not establish a basic sense of security from the family, it can result to an unfortunate retardation of his capacity to trust the larger earth later on. Stage two meanwhile pertains to the struggle of a toddler to establish his will.During this stage, a child is able to learn many new things and is send-off to learn what is right from wrong. Depending on the way a person is nurtured at this particular stage, a child can either end up having a strong sense of autonomy or shame.The next phase is the preschooler stage a time, as it were, to indulge in childhood curiosity. When properly affirmed, a child can develop a good sense of initiative. When constantly rebuked, a child is expected to develop a gripping sense of guilt.According to Erikson, the immediate family of a child plays a very crucial role in the development or the retardation of children undergoing these three initial stages. In many ways, the importance Erikson places on the role of the family makes his theory wholly distinct from the more inclination-indulging theory of S. Freud (Erikson, 1964, p. 9)Stage four meanwhile concerns the school phase of a child. During these years, a child needs to be empowered to develop his or her competence and self-esteem. At this stage too, a child can either develop a sense of fabrication or inferiority depending on the manner by which he or she successfully handles the pressures of peer and studies.The next phase is the adolescence stage. At this point, the influence of the family, especially the parents, start to diminish. Everyones chief concern at this stage is to establish fidelity in ones personal affiliation, belongingness, or even relationships. Moreover, a person can either end up establishing a strong sense of who he or she is, or wound up under-deve loping his or her identity in a crisis marked by severe confusion. Stages six to eight pertains to a person in his or her adulthood.In particular, stage six, or the early adulthood stage, underscores a persons struggle for love. Since this is the stage proper to establishing relationships, a person can either nurture intimacy or fall apart because of isolation. Stages cardinal and eight are phases that involve a persons quest for generativity and integrity. When undermined, a person can sorely wound up into a stage of extreme wallowing and despair (Learning Theories, 2007 Satrock, 2006, pp 71-72).Using Erik Eriksons theory to evaluate Lamis, the following observations can be notedFirst, it can be said that Lamis authoritative comportment and apparent confidence take root from a successful resolution of her lifes first stage. Lamiss early life was marked by healthy interaction with her family members.And because each person takes on the capital of gaining something from ones family of origin (Wartofsky, 1986, p. 113), it can be argued that Lamis was able to gain the all important construction of familial love in her life. Lamis admits belonging to a family that places much regard on care, love and nurturance.Moreover, her being born into a large family turned out to be an advantage for her as well, since her basic need to be nurtured and taken care of as an infant was addressed. This is perhaps the most fundamental reason why Lamis was to develop a strong sense of security as an adult as indeed, this factor too may help explain why she looks at the world brimming with confidence, optimism and pride.Next, one can in like manner note that Lamis is herself quite clued-up with the fact that most of what she believes in and holds on in life stem from the unique manner by which she was nurtured. For instance, Lamis claims that early on in life, she already manifested a certain strain of stoicism towards feelings on account of a very strong sense of rules and puni shment-reinforcements.For someone who was just beginning to explore the world, it seems pretty obvious that Lamis developed a sense of autonomy defined by how successful she was able to play by the rules. Her desire to avoid being punished and suffer the shame of being reprimanded by her otherwise rigorous mother was controlling causative for this.As such, this is a classic case of autonomy vs. shame struggle manifested by toddlers. In the process, what emerged from her struggle to obey was a person who has a specific leaning towards obedience and a knack on leadership that influences other people to obey as well.Lastly, it has to be mentioned as well that Lamis school age is also marked by a successful overcoming of inferiority and low self esteem crises. During the interview, Lamis revealed that her initial contact with the school environment turned out sooner unpleasant as indeed, she had to adjust into the school system rather quickly (since she did not have any schooling prior to her entrance at the age of eight), and put up with incessant teasing of her classmates.But because she was nurtured by a family that cared and supported her, she was able to overcome her school-age crises. In the process, she developed her sense of initiative and industry. This is perhaps seen most glaringly in the healthy and motivated way by which she views her efforts to succeed well in her studies even until the present.To briefly conclude, this paper ends with a thought that, indeed, Erik Eriksons psychosocial theory is able to provide a window for us to look at Lamis belief system, behavioral uniqueness and personal worldviews within the larger context of her past experiences. Lamis is indeed a person shaped by the interactions she has had in her lifetime.It is imperative to note that in the years to come, she is to encounter more life defining crises this time about issues pertinent to adulthood. But what stands out for the meantime is her triumphant emergence from the t hree identified crises she has thus far encountered.After using Eriksons theory, we were able to affirm that Lamis being able to establish a healthy sense of confidence as an infant, autonomy as toddler, and initiative and industry as a school-age child, surely did serve her well.BibliographyDuska, R. & Whelan, M. (1975). Moral development A guide to Piaget and Kohlberg. New Jersey Paulist Press.Erikson, E. (1964). Insight and Responsibility. Lectures on the Ethical Implications of Psychoanalytic Insight. New York Norton and Company.Hayes, R. L. (1994). The legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg Implications for counselor-at-law and human development. Journal of Counseling & growth, 72(3), pp. 261-267.Kay, S. R. (1982). Kohlbergs theory of moral development Critical analysis of validation studies with the defining issues test. International Journal of Psychology, 17(1), pp. 27-43.Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2008). Eriksons Stages of Development. Retrieved 28 July 2008, from Penn State Engineering. (2006). Ethical decision making processes. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http//www.vanderbilt.edu/CenterforEthics/Descriptions-More%20Info/Resource%20Pages%20for%20Ethics%20Workshop%20-%202006.pdf.Piaget, J. (2003). Part I Cognitive development in children Piaget development and learning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 40(1), pp. 8-18.Satrock, J. (2006). Educational Psychology. New York, McGraw Hill, Inc.Wart, M. V. (1998). Changing public sector values Montgomery Van Wart. Taylor & Francis.

Customer Service at Richer Sounds Essay

Richer Sounds believe that the most most-valuable measure of the success would be to give all their guests a great service and satisfaction. This is even important than making the profit margins high and gaining a lot of profit this is because Any organisation can increase their profits by increasing prices of goods, buying cheaper and woeful quality goods, cutting down on employees and many more moreover doing this Richer Sounds believe that there wont be good customer service imputable to less employees, customers wont purchase any expensive products which is not of good quality and through this they forget keep losing customersThe association believes once a customer purchases a product and thinks it was at low price and as well sees it is off good quality with an excellent customer service given to him the he/she will always tend to come back to purchase more goods, in-fact the customer may also tell some of its friends and families about the prices that Richer Sounds ha ve and want this the company will benefit in getting hot and new customers all the time. How Richer Sounds strive to achieve superb customer service They think the following argon important Management commitment this means every director and every manager states the customer service as most essential in the business. This also means spending money to give excellent services Recruiting and training right people Colleagues atomic number 18 looked at their personalities and attitude while there argon been giving an interview. All colleagues that have been given the job have a 3 day induction course which even concentrates in training the new colleagues how to give an excellent customer service Motivated colleagues if all colleagues are treated well and valued they will give good service to customers.For this effort the colleague support function is so critical. Measuring the results The best way to find the right results are to ask customer themselves therefore Richer Sound s does this through it sales questionnaires. Richer Sounds also have a mystery shopper who looks how well the colleagues manage their customers and how greatly they give customer service. The company also has telephone call system, which is been recorded, and through this they insure how well store colleagues answer to customer problems. A customer friendly environment this include the ease of walking around the store, the layout of the store and how well are the products displayed and also how well each customer will be able to search for his/her product The company insist their colleagues to wear smart clear frock with clear name badges and to greet all their customers. Responding to customer deficiencys Training in customer service All new colleagues have to attend the third day induction course before they are allowed to serve customers. While doing this course they are also taught on the aspects of customer service, which includes How to start out a customer within the stores Richer Sounds has several policies on approaching a customer such as Not to approach a customer as soon as they have entered the store for any help, Once a customer enters they should greet them by saying hello and most strict rule is to not approach anyone from behind because it may scare them and only approach from the side or from the front The appearance of the colleagues all colleagues working in the sores have to were the Richer Sounds uniform with a name badge on it How to cope on busy days All tills must be used to serve customers and try to serve sort of faster. When the queues are very long colleagues should offer customers standing and not standing in the queues a cup of tea or coffee. Usually no customers like to wait in queues especially when the store I very crowded. How to ask questions to customers colleagues should ask questions relating on the flake of product they are looking for and not to supercharge customers to buy items they dont wont because richer sounds believe this is the worse thing to do. How to handle payments the company uses all types of credit cards or any type of purchase whether the item is 99p or even if the item is i 99. 99. This is because there are times when people wont to pay later for the item they need because you get a time period to pay the amount and there are times when customers may have forgot their money at home but want to purchase the item so they can use the credit card. Due to this reason no one may leave the store without anything further because they forgot their money. How to cope with technical questions Health and safety each colleague should know how to take actions in emergency to do this they may need this training How to hold customers who have disabilities All colleagues should have respect for customers who have disabilities and should help them in all ways for which product they are looking for. All colleagues should be ingenuous in what they sell and how much they take because if there is a blind person needing a tape player the colleagues shouldnt charge more money to what it should be. How Richer Sounds Identify Customer needs and ExpectationThere are three main ways how richer sounds identify customer needs and expectation, which are The till communicate questionnaires these are most important questionnaires because everyone who purchases a product will receive and if they taught they did get treated well at the store then he/she may fill the questionnaires. These questionnaires are also seen everytime the customers will see the receipt and so next time when they may come back to the store to purchase some other item then they could also bring the filled questionnaires with them.

Homework: harmful or helpful Essay

Home survive is a way of life for numerous students in public or private schools, from kindergarten to graduation. Often students are overwhelmed with the pressures of school, each night students are required to do nursing homework after completing school each day. Is there a reason or lack for students to come home from 7 hours of school and accordingly sacrifice hours of homework . Is it essential that students have homework, are they gaining anything by practicing the skills they lettered at school. Or are students harmed by the negative effects that homework practic completelyy comes with. Should homework be restricted or should it continue to be unmonitored and make pass the limits of students in school. Homeworks negative effects far outweigh any of the positive aspects because homework often is busy work that does not calculate to improve students learning, an extra unneeded stress which leads students to have little free beat. Since the late 19th coulomb homework has been a subject of debate. Although at the judgment of conviction students were only asked to do small memorization tasks much(prenominal) as memorizing vocabulary and math equations, it was still a topic of debate.By the end of the 19th century the progressive education movement began. In the early 20th century many influential individuals and parents group reached out against homework. With the pressure of opposing views from organizations such as the Parent-Teacher tie beam ( PTA) forced some U.S school districts to limit or even ban homework assignments. For instance, in 1901 California lawmakers abolished homework in basal and mall schools. With progressive education movement peaking during the 1920s and 30s, there were even move people branching out against homework. Even the American Child Health Association joined the campaign against homework, saying that homework was a leading cause of tuberculosis and heart disease for U.S children. However, in the 1940s homework gradually returned to U.S schools with many supporters. Causing high school students on modal(a) in 1948 to have three to four hours of homework a night. Even to present day in 2006 a study in a public high school in Needham, Massachusetts shows that one out of five students spend four hours or more a night on homework.For most students homework is consider to be a little more than busy work, often students feel the work that they are doing is unnecessary. Students receive so much homework that they are not getting anything out of it. This causes students to focus more on getting the work done, then learning anything from the activity. It isunfair to expect students to do their best when they have more homework than the time they need to complete the work. Homework assignments tend to lack academician value leading students to simply get the homework done as soon as they can. With the burden of homework every night, reading and writing becomes a chore just as cleaning the dishes w ould be. Large amounts of homework stifle motivation, holt creatively and diminish a childs love for discovering and learning late things. By the time graduation time comes students will have had 13 grades of doing homework, not including if the student goes on to pursue college. Given if the average elementary student spends one to two hours of homework a night, the average middle school student sends two to three hours of homework a night and the average high school student spends three to four hours on homework a night. Students spend an average of 1,080 to 1,620 hours on homework before graduation if the student only completed homework Monday thru Friday.Causing homework to take up most of students free-time. Students have virtually no time to pursue outside interests, activities such as eating dinner with family, talking with friends and family and developing interests is what can ensure children are happy. Students are trapped with homework that they often cannot do other a ctivities because they often feel pressure to get everything done. This leads students to feel stressed to complete everything they need to. It is actually unhealthy for students to have several hours of homework after coming home from hours of school. In 2007 the American Academy of Pediatrics said that obesity and depression from stress was on the rise due to too much work. What is the point of all this stress from work if there is no known correlation between time spent on homework and academic performance.Research conducted by two professors at Penn State University found that students in countries in which schools assign little to no homework such as Japan, tend to do better on standardized tests. Students receive too much homework to be able to take any real value away from learning. Advocates of homework say that students need to continue their education outside the classroom and to do this homework should be given. This teaches the student the only way you can learn is if yo u are given a activity to do for homework. What about adults and people who do not have homework does this mean that they can not learn. Students will learn new things common even if they do not have homework. Students willbe able to explore and learn in a new creative way hit a paper and pencil. Although, homework does teach time management, it stresses students too much. While trying to juggle lots of activities,school and homework students learn time management that it is not effective or helpful because students are too stressed.Plus, there are many less stress ways that can teach students time management. Proponents also state that the U.S is falling behind other countries in academics therefore students need more homework to catch u. Which is true American 15 year olds ranked 23rd out of 40 countries in science and 29th in math comprehension. All this is completely true, but many countries academically fore of the U.S assign less homework than the U.S does know so how doe s adding more homework make sense. Should students continue to receive homework that is hurting them in more ways than one. The debate for homework will never end, there is always two sides of any story. While it is unlikely any legislative acts will be primed(p) on homework small changes starting in schools could likely happen.What is the real need for homework, what is the benefits to homework? Does it really matter if students continue to feel no benefits and have stress from homework. Should we, without changing, continue down the path of hours of homework a night even if there are clearly negative effects. What if we never changed anything would there be lights, cars, computers, cell phones or anything. People do not loss to lessen homework for students which can lead to bad health, but would people not want to lessen the number cars or lights even though can be bad for the environment.

Geography and the Development of Human Civilization Essay

A. Without argument, the most significant geographic or environmental factor of Ancient Egypt to shape early on civilization is the Nile River. The Nile has been referred to as lifes cable for the Egyptian civilization. (Fassb stop overer, 2008). To begin understanding how the Nile River was the greatest factor, hotshot must understand a few facts some the River itself. It starts from two separate sources first the lakes of central Africa, called the exsanguinous Nile, and second the Blue Nile that comes from the mountains of Ethiopia. The Blue Nile and the White Nile come together and flow marriageward to the Nile delta, starting the 4,000 mile length of the life blood of Egypt finally spilling into the Mediterranean Sea. The Egyptian climate does not offer much in rainfall, averaging less than 2 inches per year in almost areas and non existent in other areas. The early human civilizations were able to farm near the banks of the Nile River with much success compared to the o utlying harsh climates of the Sahara and Arabian deserts on both sides of Egypt. Each summer the Nile River would puff out as the rain fell and the snow melted in the mountains.Overflowing its banks and lightly flooding the land with fresh water and thick rich deposits of alluvial soil created a land that could yield two harvests before winter (Kreis, 2006) creating an ideal location for early human civilizations to settle and prosper. This flooding of the Nile River did more than create agriculture wealth for the early Egyptians, it also helped create some very early inventions such as the calendar (Keita, n.d.) created from the expected annual nature of the floods, the end of the second harvest and the 2 winters. The Nile River also gave the concourse a sense of direction, creating the north, south , east and west concepts we now use. The flow of the Nile is basically south to north and the daily rising and falling of the sun from east to west created a concrete sense of direct ion for the Egyptians. (Fassbender, 2008). Egypt offered easy access to most of the resources it indispensable for natural selection and success which guaranteed the development of a extensive population.The promise of a harvest climate, new inventions, security of the deserts on both sides, transportation provided by the river into the sea, the Nile River was the greatest factor creating early civilization for Ancient Egypt. B. Tea is the most popular subscribe in the sphere, second only to water got its start in China as nothing more than a mere accident and has since traveled the world, started wars, and created millions of dollars for governments and plantation owners. The origin of tea leaf leaf dates back around 4,000 years agone ( History & Future When did people start having tea?, n.d.). According to legend the Chinese Emperor Shen Nong detect tea in 2737 BC eyepatch he was boiling water in the shade of a tree when a light breeze caused some leaves to fall into th e water (Origins of Tea, 2012). The emperor tasted it and thought it was delicious, and so began the tea adventure. At that time, tea was bitter and mostly used for its health properties as a medicine for tasks such as eyesight and live on issues. At the end of the fifth century, tea was traded and exported with Mongolian and Turkish merchants.By the eighth century it was exported to far regions equal Japan, Central Asia and Tibet. Tea began to spread push west with other foreign traders, missionaries, and ambassadors that were given samples and gifts of it to try and take home for others to try. The first agreement to export and trade tea was between China and 3 Russia. In the mid 1850s, Chinese immigrants heading to Taiwan would bring tea seedlings, tea growing and processing skills and the tea culture with them. In the seventeenth century, ballpark tea was exported into Europe and was mostly used as a medicinal crisp due to the bitter taste and the health properties it offe red. The Dutch started to buy tea in Japan and China and then shipped it and sold it in France, Germany, and England. The Dutch also introduced tea to New Amsterdam in the 1650s. During this time tea was usually only for the very wealthy because it was so expensive, until the 1750s when it became a more modern drink with more availability for larger groups of people. (Saberi, 2010), (Origins of Tea, 2012), and ( History & Future When did people start having tea?, n.d.).In the eighteenth century tea became popular in countries like North America and Europe however, China was the only estate selling tea to other countries. Chinas tea business was soaring until India stepped into the tea business. When the British started ruling India, they found some tea plants in Assam (found in the North Eastern area of India) and decided that these tea plants had a sweeter taste. Tea plantations started growing in Assam, then Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka), Sumatra, Java and Formosa. It was dis covered that the plants in China grew 5 meters shorter in height than those in India so the tea business naturally shifted there. This was very good for the British because their demand for the drink was huge, creating a huge deficit for them with China. The British government now had the surplus of tea, from the plantations in India (and the areas around there) and the trade agreements with China. The British now sold to other countries, like North America only they levied a sales tax on the tea leaves that they couldnt sale anywhere else and try to sale to the new American colonies this was faced with a fierce resistance known as the Boston Tea Party. (The Spread of Tea from 4 China, 2012).Tea was first created with a leaf in boiling water, then it was dried and steeped, then as the drink was being traded and sold tea leaves and buds were dried, pressed and packaged for shipping, including bricks of dried, crushed tea leaves. Each time the seedlings were taken to a new climate or country, new flavors were established and new courses of serving the drink were created. For instance, the Chinese sip it from tiny cups, the Japanese whisk it. In America they serve it iced. The Tibetans add butter. The Russians serve with lemon. Mint is added in North Africa. Afghans flavour it with cardamom. The Irish and the British drink it by the gallon with milk and sugar. The Indians boil it with condensed milk. In Australia it is brewed in a billy can (Saberi, 2010). The diffusion of tea may have started as a bitter, medicinal emperors drink, yet it has traveled the world, been raised or farmed in multiple corners of the globe, transformed from a drink for the wealthy to a worldwide drink of choice for all classes and races from bitter to sweet, from medicinal to being a part of the social scene including having restaurants, tea rooms, and clubs created just for the enjoyment of those that deficiency a cup of the worlds most popular drinkTea. C1.One of the environment al factors that contributed to the expansion of the United States was the devastating splosh Bowl of the 1930s. The Dust Bowl, also referred to as the dirty thirties, Black Roller or the Black Blizzard, (Buonanduci, 2009 and Baumhardt, 2003) happened when a severe drought in 1930 to 1936 (to 1940 in some areas) caused extreme dust storms over the prairie lands of Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, and the border areas of Colorado and New Mexico. When the dust storms hit, visibility was reduced to a few feet or less and millions of farmland became empty the storms caused major ecological and agricultural damage to over 5 100,000,000 acres of farmland (Buonanduci, 2009). In addition to a severe drought, the people had over farmed without needed crop rotation or other farming techniques to prevent erosion which then created the inevitable widespread disaster. This coupled with the Great Depression go away the government without a lot of options to help the people of the prairie lands who were suffering from extraordinary financial difficulties.In a span of about five years over 500,000 Americans were forced to flee the area. About half of those people headed west to California where many settled into farming the Central Valley and Los Angeles areas. (Simkin, 1997). In response to the destruction of the Dust Bowl, President Franklin D. Roosevelts first 100 days in office (in 1933), were spent creating government programs designed to restore the ecological balance by encouraging diversified agricultural crop production using tested practices and improved tools (Baumhardt, 2003) The Dust Bowl created expansion of the U.S. when hundreds of thousands moved west to California livery the lessons learned from farming successes and failures with them it also contributed to the development of the U.S. as the entire country took the essential agricultural lessons learned and established programs to ensure the same mistakes would not be repeated again. C2. The Irish Potato Famine of 1845 1849 also contributed to the development and expansion of the United States because of the nearly a million Irish that arrived in the United States (Gavin, 2000).The large number of people helped literally develop our county through the blood, sweat, and tears that hard work and desire brings to those making a home of peace and happiness for their families. In the early 17th century, the Irish were quite dependent on food exported from other 6 countries mainly the potato from America. However, by the 19th century about a third of Ireland was dedicated to potato farming, turning this into Irelands primary cropthe potato supported massive population expansion within Ireland. inwardly that time, the population doubled from four million to eight million citizens (Hawkes, 2012). The first report of the potato chivvy was recorded on August 20, 1845, and by October onethird of the potato crop was lost to the blight. At first there was still enough food for the Irish people des pite the potato blight, the problem for most of those who had the diseased crops was the fact that they didnt have enough money to buy other food. The blight reduced the Irish potato harvest by about 30%. This drastic loss caused many farmers to eat the potato seedlings that they were going to plant in the up glide path year.Now the starving people resorted to slaughtering their pigs and cow to keep from starving through the harsh winter, they also knew they wouldnt have food to feed their starving their animals. The situation in Ireland became grim, by this time the blight wasnt spreading any longer, but the farmers werent planting or harvesting enough potatoes to have enough food to feed the people of their country. tenacious about six years, the Irish Potato Famine had killed over a million people from a combination of starvation and disease causing another(prenominal) million people to migrate to the United States (Smith, 2011), (Gavin, 2000) and (Hawkes, 2012). The Irish immi grants came to America to escape the certain death that they faced there, and for a promised future of the American dream however, it was not a welcoming place for many, instead it was a brutally hard, unkind and unwelcoming place for many. Boston might have been the hardest and most cruel place for those coming from Ireland, but New York wasnt that much easier in the end. One of the turning points for the un gratifyingd Irish people was the Civil War over 140,000 enlisted in the Union Army, while those in the South enrolled in the 7 Confederate ranks (Gavin, 2000) and (Hawkes, 2012).The Irish immigrants provided many laborers needed for the backbreaking work that was needed for the American expansion that was happening at that time. The immigrants saw this move to America as permanent and brought over several hundreds of thousands of Irish immigrants during the following decades (Smith, 2011). Politically the Irish now had the numbers to influence votes, welcome at first or not, th e Irish people could no longer be ignored. The Potato Famine started as a deadly killer in Ireland, turning into a large exodus of people immigrating to the United States changing the face of the American laborers and changing who was running and winning political offices. The AntiIrish sentiment would be quieted at last when an Irish Potato Famine immigrants descendant was elected President of the United States President John F. Kennedy was that person. He is the greatgrandson of Patrick Kennedy, a farmer from County Wexford who had left Ireland in 1849 (Gavin, 2000).The Irish are considered the first large group of poor refugees to come to the United States and they paved the way for all the many refugees and immigrants that would follow their footsteps. Today, after years of hard work to overcome numerous amount of obstacles to find freedom, peace and happiness Americans of Irish stock are the third largest ethnic group in the country. Unfortunately, Ireland stayed a very sad place after the famine for decades. (Gavin, 2000).ReferencesBaumhardt, R. L. (2003). USDA The Official Website for The Conservation and merchandise Research Laboratory DUST BOWL ERA. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http//www.cprl.ars.usda.gov/ Buonanduci, M. (2009, April 27). Dust Bowl. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http//www.eoearth.org/view/article/151818/ Fassbender, M. (2008, September 11). Physical Geography Ancient Egypt by Michael Fassbender Humanities 360. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http//www.humanities360.com/index.php/physicalgeographicsancientegypt50663/ Gavin, G. (2000). The History Place Irish Potato Famine. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from 9 http//www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/famine/ Hawkes, S. (2012, August 28). Fatal Potatoes The NineteenthCentury Irish Potato Famine US History Scene. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http//www.ushistoryscene.com/uncategorized/fatalpotatoes/ History & Future When did people start having tea? (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http//humantouchofchemistry.com/whendidpeoplestarthavingtea.htm Irish Potato Famine. (n.d.). Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http//courses.soomopublishing.com/ Keita, M. (n.d.). Rise of Civilizations and Empires in Mesopotamia. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http//historyworld.org/rise_of_civilizations.htm Kreis, S. (2006, October 11). voice communication 3 Egyptian Civilization. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http//www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture3b.html Origins of Tea. (2012). Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http//www.higginsburke.com/AboutOurTea/Pages/OriginofTea.aspx phosphate buffer solution (2009, November 15). Video Surviving the Dust Bowl Watch American Experience Online PBS Video Video file. Retrieved from http//video.pbs.org/video/1311363860/?starttime=1200000 Saberi, H. (2010). Chapter 2 China. In Tea A global history (pp. 2741). Retrieved from http//lrps.wgu/provision/8539375 Saberi, H. (2010). Chapter 5 Tea Comes to the West. In Tea A global history (pp. 85124). 10 Re trieved from http//lrps.wgu/provision/8539375 Simkin, J. (1997, September). The Dust Bowl. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http//spartacuseducational.com/USAdust.htm Smith, A. F. (2011). Potato A global history. Retrieved from http//lrps.wgu.edu/provision/8539677 The Spread Of Tea From China. (2012, September 13). Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http//thespreadofteafromchina.blogspot.com/