Major Challenges Facing Human Resource Management Essay

The rapidly transforming commerce landscape means that there are presently numerous military man mental imagery wariness challenges which will continue to uprise for years to come. Tom Marsden, Director of Professional Services at horse parsley Mann Solutions says that HR departments really get to be adding real business evaluate to their physical compositions. Although the restrictions of the recession arent over yet, companies are recognizing that in 2010, they will need to take steps to retain their workforce. This could be through an increase ferocity on training and engagement programs or by investing in areas that will optimize expenditure, such as integrated technology systems or improved candidate attraction schemes. The signs are that HR departments are preparing to maximize their resources and staff as organizations look to grow.Todays Top 10 Human imagery Management ChallengesDue to the fluctuating economy as well as local and global advancements, there are ma ny changes occurring rapidly that affect HR in a wide ikon of issues. In the Survey of Global HR Challenges Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers on behalf of the World Federation of Personnel Management Associations (WFPMA), several challenges for human resource management were revealed. This survey, which concluded that despite national and regional differences, there was unusual unanimity, disclosed the following top 10 human resource management challenges Challenges % of Companies 1. Change management 48% 2. Leadership development 35% 3. HR effectiveness meterment 27% 4. Organizational effectiveness 25% 5. pay 24% 6. Staffing Recruitment and availability of skilled local labor 24% 7. Succession planning 20% 8. Learning and development 19%9. Staffing holding 16% 10. Benefits costs Health & welfare 13% Taking a Closer Look at the Top 3 Human Resource Management Challenges 1. Change ManagementSince this is generally not a focal point for HR profess ional training and development, change management represents a particular challenge for personnel management. The WFPMA finds that This may in any case be the mind why it is cited as the foremost issue as HR continues to sample to help businesses move forward. An intensified focus on training may be needed to develop added competencies to deal with change management. 2. Leadership createAs the second of the biggest challenges for human resource management, lead development inescapably to be a unfavourable strategic hatchway. HR professionals are approach with being expected to provide the essential structures, processes, tools, and points of view to make the outgo selection and develop the future leaders of the organization. The WFPMA reports that, Across the globe lead development has been identified as a critical strategic initiative in ensuring that the right employees are retained, that the culture of the organization supports performance from at heart to gain mark et position, and that managers are equipped to take on leadership roles of the future so that the organization is viable in the long term. 3. HR Effectiveness MeasurementHow can improvement happen without the right tools to measure HR effectiveness? As with many other areas of business, this profession also needs to be able to measure results in terms of effect management, as well as in terms of the positive act on business. Utilizing metrics to determine effectiveness is the beginning of a campaign from perceiving HRs role as purely an administrative righteousness to viewing the HR team as a true strategic partner within the organization, the WFPMA says. In fact, the next section reports that survey participants think a critical future issue for HR will be organizational effectiveness again supporting HRs critical role as a strategic partner to management.Read muchBusiness Issue on Human Resource ManagementThis terra firma federation also notes that, Where HR departments h ave traditionally focused on measuring their own effectiveness, there is an evolving recognition that they can provide organizational value by measuring the effectiveness of the entire business organization. The transfer is significant as it represents movement from simply counting the numbers leased to determining the ROI of collective and individual hires on a long-term basis. press release beyond measuring turnover, this new(a) approach considers bad turnover and penny-pinching turnover along with the overall cost of replacement hires. The Numbers let loose VolumesWhen you start looking at the numbers, you realize the significant impact of trends and challenges in human resource management. There are many variables that influence human resource management. To give you a glimpse at some of the forthcoming changes, the HR Leadership Council has released the following statisticsOne in four lavishly potentials plans to leave their organization in the next year. By effectively developing employees, managers can be better coaches and improve performance by up to 25%. Three out of five organizations have either restructured or plan to restructure within the next six months. Recent declines in employee engagement further decreased overall productivity by 3 to 5%. Leaders with strong people development skills are 50% more likely to outperform revenue expectations. Delivering on critical onboarding activities boosts new hire performance by 11.3%. 77% of midsized companies use (or plan to use) wellness to reduce costs. 46% of midsized-company CFOs anticipate a merger or eruditeness in less than six months.Expand Your Skills and Enhance Your ExpertiseTo couple or exceed all of these human resource management challenges, youll need proven tools and strategies. The best way to gain the necessary expertise is by earning your Master of Science in Human Resource Development alone online from U.S. News & World Report-ranked Villanova University. In Villanovas onlin e HR masters degree program, youll learn how toImplement strategic organizational change for increased quality, productivity and employee satisfaction Construct an effective training program form a compensation system that motivates employees Structure benefit packages and measure their achievement Identify principles for developing, utilizing and conserving human resources Use data and statistics to make informed business decisions Leverage technology to enhance the contributions of the human resource function to an organization Develop financial management and budgetary skills

Evil in the Environment Essay

John Locke is a philosopher known for introducing various significant concepts to different handle of studies. His work encompasses the fields of psychology, political science, and philosophy. One of his main contributions is his program line that the human mind is totally data-based. This principle would lead cardinal to believe that incessantlyy human beingness is born into this creative activity having the same capacity. All human minds ar forsake slates (tabula rasa) when one is just born. (Hooker, 1999) Behavior is acquired through the various empirical experiences that a human being undergoes. Moral carriage stems from an individuals empirical experiences. (Hooker, 1999)As such, it can be assumed that all immoral behavior or all villainy is the product of the environment rather than individual. (Hooker, 1999) such(prenominal) line of reasoning will lead us to assume that diabolic from the environment can be eradicated by a simple alter in human thinking and behavi or. This is known as the third effrontery of the enlightenment thinkers. The said exposit remains to be significant in instantlys time and age. For one, it tendings people today realize that the plague that pervades in fraternity today can be erased by macrocosm themselves. Moreover, it teaches society that there is still hope for a better world and the fulfillment of such dreams lies in the reformation of human beings and society itself. The capital effect of such premise on society is that it gives the responsibility for the evil in the world on the shoulders of people. Fingers can non be pointed to the heavens or to some other creatures to blame them for the evil that continues to exist in the world. Rather, the premise asserts that the evil in the world is the product of human misbehavior. Human wrong doing has created the immorality that exists in the world today. However, the most important lesson that Lockes principle teaches us today is that just as the responsibili ty for the evil in the world lies in our hands, so does the responsibility to careen and eradicate such evil. There are many authoritys by which humans can reform and change their environment. Locke had asserted that education is the primary way by which the moral and mental character of the human being can be changed for the better. (Hooker, 1999)Such assertion remains to be significant in todays society. What the premise tells us is that education is even more valuable today for it is the way by which the world can be made better. Education exists not simply for the progress of the individuals own life. It is not for the fillet of sole purpose of supporting someone find a better job, a better way of life.Educations primary purpose is to help every human being to determine how he can help make the world a better place. It is through education that society can reform its ways and help remove evil from the environment. Thus, the constituent of education is society is exemplified by the third premise. The role of education becomes ever more important and significant basing on what has been stated in the premise.The future(a) of todays society lies in the hands of human beings. The betterment of the world and the eradication of evil are the responsibilities of all human beings. average as they can create evil, they can erase them. Reformation of ones ways is the manner by which evil in our haywire environment can be obliterated.Works CitedHooker, Richard. Seventeenth Century enlightenment Thought. 1999. World Civilizations. 12 Dec. 2006 from http//www.wsu.edu/dee/ENLIGHT/PREPHIL.HTM.

Cinematography in Lawrence of Arabia Essay

Said to be one of the greatest films of all time, Lawrence of Arabia, a 222-minute impression directed by David Lean released in1962, achieved numerous accolades from popular award-giving bodies, among them the award for Best Cinematography. Through its cinematography, the abandon was transformed into a character and major motivator of the films narrative, which was achieved through numerous ways. In the initial portions of the film, the waste was featured as calm, quiet, vast, mysterious and beautiful, which was why Lawrence expressed often excitement towards his assignment as an English army soldier.The extraordinary shots of the renounce sunrise, and the extreme long shots of Lawrence (and his army) with the desert as its backdrop were breathtaking as they seemed like still photos from postcards. locomote shots from left to right denoted their journey, which were all skillfully captured on film. As the movie further unfolds, however, the desert assumes a different character a s it shows its slight appealing side how it can be harsh, ruthless and merciless, without giving much preference to who or what it desires to take.This is shown during the times when Lawrence and the soldiers are having difficulties crossing the desert without piddle supply, and when one of Lawrences helpers is taken under a quicksand. Despite the forlornness of the circumstances, the sequences were still deftly shot and presented to the viewer. And then again, it changes further later on when it becomes the venue for bloodshed, as Lawrence stages wars and succeeds in conquering more territories. In few way, the desert seems like the love interest of the main character in the film because quite noticeably, there are no female characters in the films entirety.It was also expressed by Lawrence himself that he like the desert because it was clean. Somehow, it seemed like Lawrence saw the desert as directly separate his character because although his actions may have been glorifie d by the Arabs, Lawrence knew that he was on the nose a pawn in the power play of those who were in authority. The desert provided Lawrence a way to be a hero for others, which is the rationale for his decisions to go into battle.

Comparative Essay

Assignment Paragraph Response A mysterious confounded in the irrigate & reflect movie What is Self-discovery? The dictionary defines discover as to gain sight or knowledge of ( approximatelything previously unseen or unknown). In the suddenly stories A Secret disjointed in the Water and Mirror chain of mountains, in that location is a co-relation in the stalk of self-discovery as well as few other similarities. Such as on that point argon similarities, there also differences in between the two. The follwing paragraphs will deal the topics above and bring insight on what Self-discovery means.In the story Mirror Image the title-holder, Alice, is learning how to be herself and adjust to a tender body aft(prenominal) having her brain transplanted. As the story progresses, Alice struggles to come to terms with her apperance and how she is percieved by her family and others. In particular Jenny, Alices twin sister, finds herself jealous and some what resentful of her twins n ew appearance, while Alice starts to be pleased with herself. However, after certain events occur Alice starts to demand doubts in herself, but after a brief meet with the novice of the girl whose body her brain was tranplanted in, Alice realizes that Alice was here.In the end Alice realizes that although she is in a new body, she is still has to learn to be herself. A Secret Lost in the Water is about a male child who is taught a acquisition/ hole-and-corner(a), b bely forgets this skill/secret once he became an adult and green goddess be assume that regrets forgetting what was taught to him. In the beginning of the story, the boys bring forth approachs the boy and tells him that he will teach a skill or secret that was passed down on to him by his father. The boy leaves his village and after some time returns as an adult and discovers that he has lost the skill his father taught him.It is assumed that the man now feels regret for having forgotten this ability and discovers that maybe it was not the ability that was important but the meaning of it, of not forgetting who you be or where you came from. Between the two short stories there is a co-relation of theme, however it is clear that there are differences within each story and theme is not the only difference/similarity. Both stories eat up protagonists that, in a way, lost their sense of identity and the theme in twain short stories involves self-discovery.In comparison each story have different conclusions of the theme, in Mirror Image the protagonist some what resolves her issues, however in A Secret Lost in the Water it is unknown whether or not the protagonist ever resolves his issues. In both stories, one quite a little observe that there is symbolism in the form of a mirror and an adler classify. In A Secret Lost in the Water the boy is taught an ability with an adler branch by his father, where as in Mirror Image Alice is given a mirror from her father. Both symbolize a message that th eir fathers are hard to convey about what the protagonists seems to have forgetten about themselves.Both short stories have elements which are obvious in comparison, yet both have differences that are unmingled in a subtle manner. The theme of self-discovery has been apparent in both A Secret Lost in the Water and Mirror Image, and though both stories have similar elements, it can been seen that both have differences as well. Through reading both short stories and the observations shown, the reader can begin to gain some insight in to what self-discovery means. However, does anyone every real learn who they are or is it a constant question of who are we? . Does anyone ever truly stop re-discovering themselves?

Cultural Diversity in Afghanistan Essay

Afghanistan is an Islamic country. It is separate into different regions where people manifest their own culture and beliefs. Though Afghans pout in same country yet they serious different cultures because of their regions situation and tradition. What is applied to a certain region of Afghanistan may non be applicable to the other regions of the country. This would that show that there is a socialalal diversity amongst regions of Afghanistan. Moreover, Afghanistan is located in south-central Asia. The encyclopedia of Islam stated thatAfghanistan has borne that lift only since the middle of the 18th century, when the supremacy of the Afghan race (Pashtuns) became sensible previously various districts bore distinct appellations, only when the country was not a definite political unit, and its component parts were not restrain together by any identity of race or language. The sooner meaning of the word was simply the land of the Afghans, a limited ground which did not i nclude many parts of the present state but did comprise large districts now either independent or at bottom the boundary of Pakistan (see Afghanistan.Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. November 15, 2006). The northern part of the country is bordered by the Soviet Union and on the north eastward it is bordered by china and Kashmir, on the west side is bordered by Iran and on the east and south it is bordered by Pakistan. Every citizen of the country is called as Afghan though the country is composed of various ethnic groups. One of these ethnic groups is the Pashtun (it is also be spelled as Pakhtun, Pathan, Pushtun, and Pukhtun) which makes up about 60 portion of the population.They be from the Caucasian origin and dwelt in Afghanistan in not less(prenominal) than 1, 3000 year. Normally, they argon recognized and acknowledged as the true Afghans. Pashtuns are stranded into numerous tribes and sub-tribes, followed an ancient code of conduct called as Pashtunwali. The second app roximately populated group is the Tajik, who were also come from the Caucasian origin (see Afghanistan. bare-assed Standard Encyclopedia. Volume 1, Pp. A-91, A-93, 94). The intent of this paper is to describe the different cultures in Afghanistan.II. Discussion As I have mentioned earlier, there are 2 ethnic groups who dwelt in Afghanistan. These groups practiced different cultures. Moreover, different cultures are practiced in Afghanistan because there are numerous ethnic groups that are smaller in number who are scattered throughout the country. Nuristanis is another ethnic group of Afghnistan. They dwell in the secluded mountains of the northeast of Kabul, near the Pakistan border. The Nuristanis claimed that they are the descendants of Alexander the Great.Before they were converted into Islam, Nuristanis had statue of wooden idols and ancestral images mold by them and these are well-preserved in the Kabul Museum. Several of these were possibly used to venerate dead ancestor s and used in healing rituals or ceremonials (see Other Minority Ethnic Groups in Afghanistan. 2002). Moreover, life in the Afghan home is upholding high values because they really defined the roles of the men and women. These roles are very different from any culture around the world.The womens lives only revolve in their home and to their children thus, this practice is in line with their Islamic beliefs. Starting from late 1950s, the urban women who belonged in a well-off family were allowed to take their work far from their homeland and had opportunity to study on higher(prenominal) education. But these privileges were not enjoyed by all women because women who dwelt in the rural areas or amongst nomadic tribes are not given these opportunities. Everyday, Afghan women supply their families with two meals, together with snacks.Their traditional meals are pilau which has meat or vegetables, fowl or wild game kebabas, mutton, yogurt, hot soup and nan which a flat bread. In addi tion, Afghan has different ways when they engage in nuptials. A man and a woman are united in marriage through an agreement made by both parents by settling financial commitments or also called as the marketplace or dowry. In their culture, marriage is considered as a deal amidst families not just by individuals and it includes financial commitments on both families. The develop will give a dowry to the family of the bride.The dowry comprises of decorative and useful items that are necessary for establishing a household. It comprises goods like beddings, utensils, clothing, jewelry, fans and hangings. The men who attend the weddings are given presents like embroidered handkerchiefs or turban caps. The process in put together a dowry involves a long period of time and often effort and it is usually started while the girl is still young. The relatives of the females help in the wedding preparations (see Afghanistan). III. Conclusion Truly, the cultures in Afghanistan are one of a kind.Afghan women are just like precious stones because they are well taken care by their parents. During in their younger years, parents set an arrange marriage for their daughter and ask for a dowry to the males side. References 1. Afghanistan. clean Standard Encyclopedia. Volume 1, Pp. A-91, A-93, 94. 2. Other Minority Ethnic Groups in Afghanistan. 2002. http//www. afghan- elucidatework. net/Ethnic-Groups/other-groups. html 3. Afghanistan. http//146. 186. 95. 23/mat_mus/Tour/t_afghan. htm 4. Afghanistan. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. November 15, 2006. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Afghanistan_note-4

Pastrol Cycle Essay

The incident that I am passing fill to be lecture close to, involves a year 10 female pupil. This penis of the offspring was eer willing to participate in activities, willing to help at the fetch up of the sessions or events that were being organised. Unfortunately, this member al ports wanted something far peachyer. An acquisition that she could say I did that I poured my heart into thatOver the next a few(prenominal) weeks, I began to come upon a change in this member. I mat up resembling(p) she was giving up on part us as thou she did non go over the point no more and could non see things progressing. Her attitude towards different people as well as seems to change as thou she was jealous of opposite people who were helping out, or former(a) people who were getting bigger jobs in the juvenility. constant of gravitation she never asked or came forward asking for a bigger part (confidence?)I did non k straight off what to do with callowness, I knew she want ed more and I could see that entirely did not k straightaway what path to take. I pertinacious to spill the beans with other attracters and they signifyed rough the next youth camp advent up later in the year. Thou it sounded like a great idea I was concerned she was not ready or positive enough in her self to take up such a broad challenge, because she was new to the club. However, am I then putting my stimulate awe in front of her ambition? Was I then going to put a halt on something so life ever-changing?As a leader of the youth club, I knew it was in inwardly my power to change something and act upon it.I define to confront my receive mortalal worries and pluck up the courage to talk to her guardian, I menti 1d about the camping trip that the youth club was participating in, and some youth members there was an option to join in the profit crew. I went to mention some of the roles that they could undertake and what was involved in being a assistance crewmember. A t first, this guardian was concerned and unsure about aerateing their fille to do something far greater than helping at the youth club, yet slowly came to the understand that this could be the break and confidence boast that they needed.With her willingness to send her daughter to camp to be a member of the service crew, I persistent to get to know this individual more and at the club. I would sit between her and her fellow friends and chat and listen to see what hobbies they enjoyed, activities in the club and what they wanted in life, there goals, only when this member was also shy or scared of opening up to me. Over legion(predicate) weeks and recent talks, she became more confining in me. She was able to talk and partake in feeling about what she wanted to do in life. From this, I could see that there was great potential for this youth to gain a wider cheek in lifes achievements.It reminded me of me when I was growing up in a youth club, how I was shy and sacred of new t hings. How I matte up up alone and nobody still me. How I felt that I was being ignore for being good or helpful.From my pass stupefy of my own life in a youth setting, I decided to draw on the willingness of her kindness and slowly over time got this member to open up more I gave her an opportunity of being a my personal helper in the club. So that later on in life she could later work her carriage up if she so guide to and become a trainee leader.Sometimes it felt wrong for me to picking on a just one member but never did I feel like the youth were against me. I felt like they understood the situation and I also began seeing changes in the circle of youth I was interested in, they were also showing a willingness to lead a helping hand. It was like the first stepping-stone. Not only was I was helping one member of youth but her circle to.I decide to look up self-confidence in the bible for this member of the youth and maybe for my self as well. I found a passing play that go es on to say There is no idolize in love, but complete love casts out fear for fear has to do with punishment, and whoever fears has not reached perfection in love (NRSV 1John 418)This passage begins to answer the pass on how much god loves us and believing in him is so important. Fear and worry signal that we are not yet perfect in our belief in how much God loves us. If we believe that the God of infinite power and wisdom loves no one in the humans more than us, what do we contrive to fear or worry about?We believe in how much He loves us, and then we know the runnel is for our own good. Because of His love, we should know that a trial is not just an whimsical act without rhyme or reason. Because He is God, it seatnot be an accidental item happening without His awareness or concern.From reading this passage I felt that this member needed a little pushing, I started to understand that fear should not stop no one in gaining something so huge in life. So I decided to mentio n about the service crew team at the campsite. I was waiting to hear allay or the answer of I will think about it, but instead I got a strong yes There was no umm or r-ing it was as if they had gained so much confidence and needed something more. I felt a sense of achievement that I had changed, accepted, and understood this member. I am glad that I did not over look this person and gave up my own time to help them. I am glad that I listened to the other leaders and looked to the bible for inspiration.Looking back and reflecting on the way that I acted to this situation, I would say that there were grey areas. For example, I decided to talk with the guardian first maybe that was not the correct way or best way of things. I think I should shed just gone straight to individual form day one and started a conversation to try to understand there difficulties and reasoning croupe events. The reason for my thinking is because I am a youth leader and my job is there to get to know and un derstand individual needs. Thou granted this was my first time of acting on something, something I impression needed action and doing about but still I did play the safe card.Thou on another hand I am extremely happy that I achieved this person particular goal and changed them so great that even other leaders and parents congratulated me. That this person is now so confident they do believe that fear is no object that fear is just a simple word. However, it was just not one person I changed. Her circle of friends also changed and that was because I stepped into that friendship circle, and I now know and understand more than one person. I feel like I have personally changed to, because I would say for me it was a reading curve, and probably I grew in confidences to. Why, because I showed my self that I can do things for my self and others. Those other leaders do not have to do my work for me.From this experience, I decided to act more upon events in the club that if something did n ot feel or seems right I would analyze more into. From this I also feel that I have helped changed other members of the club and hopefully one day they will do the same for others.My goal is that one day the youths that I helped will help other in similar situations, and I happy to conclude that this member I mentioned about it now a trainee leader of our youth club, so now she can share her own experiences with other members of the club.

Investment and Cost Savings Essay

IntroductionThe purpose of this report is to address the key strategic issues facing Coast4Life with the judge downturn ahead. Included is a financial analysis, realization of major issues, analysis of alternatives and a recommendation.Financial Analysis for the Year end 2012 (Appendix 1)* Current ratio of 1.6 indicates that the order can meet its short end point obligations. There is a 46% improvement versus last years current ratio of 1.1. Quick ratio of 1.8 shows a 50% improvement. * nub debt- to-equity of 1.5 shows a 12% improvement over prior years ratio of 1.7 indicating that the firm is relying less on debt. Times interest pull in ratio of 6.4 improved by 30%. * Profitability ratios indicate boilers suit earnings growth. Net margin of 15.2% grew by 18% comp bed to 12.9% in 2011 sequence Return-on-Equity (ROE) of 27.4% grew by 16%. Return on Investments (ROI) of 11.2% shows a significant 28% growth from 8.7% and posted a 14% favourable variance compared to rank. * rec eipts and net income grew by 13.4% and 33.3%, respectively.Major Strategic IssuesWith the expected estimated 30%-35% rule out in the overall booking, the expected impact is a decline in income by $7M (Appendix 2). The proposed alternatives to generate additional revenues and or/ court savings are evaluated using a required after tax rate of descend of 16%.Alternative 1 Change Customer MixObjectives maximise Repeat Customers from 20% to 40%Maximize Age Group 40-60 days old from 30% to 38%Pros* Incremental Income of $721K in 2013 $2.1M for the 3 old age ahead have (Appendix 3)* opportunity to expand extra-services* Maximizes capacity/resourcesCons* Marketing constraints to target customer mix* May require additional hails to reach out targetThis option addresses the incremental income compulsion. It maximizes profitability and provides opportunities to expand business ( in line with the orders mission).Alternative 2 Implement a web-based booking systemPros* Incremental savings of $24K in 2013 $226K for the 3-yrs ahead combined (Appendix 4)* Opportunity for additional costs reduction (i.e. advertising, promotion)* Provides information about passengers* Opportunity to target more than customers* Meets demand for Internet-booking* Accounting module improves financial accountCons* Loss of customer service* Technology must be up to date and well maintained* Security (i.e. financial data, customers)This option meets the cost savings requirement. It also addresses the immediate need of the company for market/customer information and addresses constraints in alternative 1 (customer mix). This is in line with the companys mission to provide unique services.Alternative 3 remove Crew and Hospitality Workers from Underdeveloped Countries Pros* Incremental cost savings of $883K $2.1M for the 3 days ahead combined (Appendix 5)* Cheaper wagesCons* May damage write up (poor service quality)* May dampen employees esprit de corpsThis alternative meets the req uirement for cost savings. To ensure quality service, the company must invest in training. The company should also keep key employees (pros assists in training, promotion could keep morale high). Long-term cost savings is attractive.Alternative 4 Divest the Fraser modify dockPros* Incremental Income of $3.1M in 2013 $2.5M for the 3-years ahead combined (Appendix 6)* Focus on core businessCons* Incremental costs of $438K per year (maintenance and lost income from the teetotal dock operations (Appendix 6)* Decline in company-wide morale* Damage to temperament and local ties* Quality of third-party maintenanceThis alternative meets the incremental income required. This allows the company to cogitate on its core business. However, long-term, the negative impact on income, reputation and ties with the companionship are non desirable.It is recommended to change customer mix and implement a web-based booking system. Both alternatives achieve the income requirement (total $745K in 20 13 $2.4M for the 3 years ahead). Both alternative have low risk and provide more opportunities to maximize the use of its resources and capacity and expand business. Hiring crew and staff from developing countries is recommended if the high risk is mitigated i.e. by retaining key employees. Divesting the drydock is not recommended due to the incremental expenses associated in future years.ConclusionThe recommended alternatives meet the requirement to generate revenue and/or cost savings to counter the expected downturn in 2013.

Advertising to Lgbt Community

Advertising to LGBT community Producing ads that cater to courageous audience is complex, and neither the pro- nor the anti- lively food market view appears to be adequately addressing the issues. The problem seems to be that both postulate that advertise manpowerts show life not it should be rather than how it is. We have observed in various case studies that we have followed in our course of compound Marketing Communication that advertisers mostly tend to show lives a fantasm brighter than it really is, especially in those campaigns where we be trying to sell products by making the consumer feel good about themselves.This approach however leads to the LGBT invisibleness and homophobic representations. Even when the LGBT population are identified as organize segment or forming some part of the target segment, stereotype travel into the picture. In the next segment, we talk about stereotype in marketplace. The separate in marketplace Stereotype haunts LGBT people not only in streets but also in media and in marketplace. In marketplace, stereotyping may not be because of a bias or a preconceived idea about the community. It can be because of incomplete information a cuss for any marketer.For instance, we have already discussed that collecting gay and lesbian demographic data is way too difficult. Although law is more favorable and defy we say accepting to the community, cultural issues still hinder people to shape up all out about their unconventional sexual and gender orientations. today this difficulty in gathering data has consequences, such as that people of modest income and poorer people are ignored as part of the gay market. They are hence absent from gay images in marketing, as they usually are in mainstream ads.Economic stereotype An ideal gay consumer would usually be stereotyped as affluent, educated, and childless. This apparently contrasts with better representative observations of gay, lesbian, and bisexual consumers. As the fam ous economics professor Lee Badgett in his paper Income lump The Myth of Affluence among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Americans, notes Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people do not earn more than heterosexual people gay, lesbian, and bisexual people do not live in more affluent households than heterosexual eople devil studies show that gay men earn less than similarly competent heterosexual men. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people are found throughout the spectrum of income statistical distribution some are poor, a few are rich, and most are somewhere in the middle, along with most heterosexual people. As it is astray observable fact that on an average, women get paid lesser than men in similar jobs in most part of the world, a effeminate homosexual household would obviously be poorer than their male counterpart or a heterosexual household.Also, female homosexual couple is more credibly to have children than a male homosexual household and so on. behavioral stereotype In media gay me n are often visualised as sissies, gaudy flamers, intimidating, always on the prowl and/or pedophilic sexual predators. Similarly lesbians are depicted mostly as misandrist feminists and (worst of all) as an intention of heterosexual mens feminine fantasies. Challenge to advertisers Big trade union movement of advertisers here, would be to distance themselves from these preconceived imagery and to produce a gay image of relevance yet recognizable.

Gulliver in Brobdingnag Essay

The setting of the passage to be give noticevas here is that of Gullivers excursion to a land of giants. The speakers context here is the underlying laughable devices of reversal and exaggeration. When the dimensions of things are reversed there is a comic effect. When clowns at the circus ride around in a circumstantial car the effect is hilarious. In a famous Gary Larsen cartoon a gigantic monster is unwrapn peering into a mans car done the wing mirror which reads Things reflected in this mirror may appear to be larger than they are. The comic context employed by the speaker in the following passage, then, is that of a man suddenly turned niggling by circumstances beyond his control. in that location are, of course, classical antecedents for this sheath of size reversal. Odysseus in the cave of Cyclops would provide the best example. There are, no doubt, many another(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) who would argue that this incident in the Odyssey is not meant as cli mate. May we not at least wonder, however, if some of Homers audiences didnt chortle when they heard ab come forward how the subtle Odysseus outwitted the giant?It will be argued in the following that Swifts intention throughout Part II as a whole is comic irony, and that the passage to be analyzed typifies the situation in which Gulliver finds himself when surrounded by giants. Starting off, a easy exaggeration introduces the passage The Kings palace is near cardinal miles round suggesting the colossal size of the castle, the rooms within are dickens hundred and forty Foot high. Gulliver who is, as we have learned earlier, a proud and dignified man is reduced by his comparatively tiny dimensions to the role of a doll.All of his proud bearing and gentlemanly haughtiness disappears in a puff of smoke when his Mistress Glumdalclitch holds Gulliver up in her hand to give him a better linear perspective of the surroundings. Swifts choice of words at the beginning of this passage besides provides an ironical effect. Gulliver who is, in fact, a freak in this society reports that when Glumdalclitch is taken out to see the town, I was always of the companionship, carried in my Box To be of the typey suggests social (and physical) equality, but when Swift follows this dignified phrase with the description in my box the effect is humorous, since Gulliver is revealed as the curiosity and freak that he is by the fact that he travels in a box manage a doll. Swifts imagery in this passage allow ined allows the reader to see other human-like creature from the perspective of a very tiny person. It also demonstrates to the reader once again that Swift loves to engage in the humor of the disgusting and the impolite.When a group of Brobdingnagian defys presses up against the carriage to view the strange little creature that is our speaker, Gulliver is able to observes the cancer on the meet of a beggar fair sex full of holes, in two or three of which I could h ave easily crept and body lice and their snouts with which they rooted like Swine. There is a misogynist quality to this joke. The breast of a woman is presented as disgusting rather than as an inspiration to art and poetry.The report of crawling into a cancerous lesion on a womans breast is an ugly parody of what men uncouthly think about when they see the naked female breast which is to adore, kiss, or suck it. This type of humor is based on a simple reversal of the usual emotions inspired by an image. The equivalent would be, for example, to provide an image of the pantywaist of England school term on a chamber pot rather than her throne. The imagery in the rest of this passage is also unforgettable, especially the wooden legs of a beggar which were each about twenty Foot high. Immediately following these portentous and disgusting images is another liars trick based on the category of emphasis. This is offered in Gullivers careful description of his Box. Before analyzin g this part of the passage in detail a general comment on Swifts project in Gullivers Travels is required. The speaker mentions many times throughout the tale the phenomenon of travelers tails or books of voyages. These were supposedly actual accounts of what travelers from Europe had seen on the other side of the world.They were, of course, full of lies and Swifts project throughout much of the book is to satirize the lying authors of these books. ane well known liars trick is to emphasize the expand of some fictional object. This is what Gulliver does with the description of his Box. Its origin is carefully described the Queen ordered a smaller one to be made for me Its digit and dimensions are carefully recorded This traveling Closet was an exact substantive with a Window in the Middle of three of the Squares , etc.The most-valuable detail of the boxs construction which will eventually allow for Gullivers salvation by sailors is also carefully noted On the fourth side, which had no windows, two strong staples were fixed , and so on. There is a dual purpose to what we might call the liars emphasis lavished on this passage. The first is to satirize the books of travelers tales so popular in Swifts days in which exact descriptions of fantastic creatures were prone to fool the credulous. The second is to prepare the reader for Gullivers eventual escape.This happens in his traveling box which is then conveniently destroyed by the sailors who have him so that no substantial evidence of his adventure remains, and the gullible can easily believe the whole story of Gulliver among the Brobdingnags. The comic irony is an utile device in satirizing human folly. The absurdity in the relationship among these two elements is essentially targeted at England (Gulliver), the Wigs, specifically, whereby Swift is attacking his opposition. In the quality of Swifts famous word play about his cheeseparing Master Bates, we can rename his fable Gullibles Travels.

Speech ananysis

Communications Workshop Evaluating a tongue Speech Analysis Worksheet Content Purpose Speakers background companionship the purpose of this speech communication Is to rall(a)y hope for the citizens of Berlin. Influences (traditional, cultural, historical) JEFF is a historical influence. Listeners background knowledge I do not have much back ground knowledge upon listening to this speech. Delivery Repeated words 1. Berlin 2. Let 3. Them 4. Come 5. beyond Emphasized words/phrases 1 . there are some who say in Europe and elsewhere we can work with the Communists. Let them recognise to Berlin 2. There are some who say communism is the wave of the future, let them come to Berlin 3. All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin, and, therefore, as a free man, I take pride In the words ICC salt away nine Berliner. 4. ICC bin nine Berliners 5. Freedom is indivisible, and when one man is enslaved, all are not free Tone the tone of this speech is upstanding well thoughtWo rd choice (positive or negative language) positive, JEFF wants to give the people hope. enjoin of speech (fast, moderate, slow) Moderate, although the rate increases when he is short on breath. Appropriateness for audience, subject, purpose yes, I believe so because it has no vulgar language and the function and topic of this speech is rather inspiring. Eye contact moderate, looking round a lot. Facial expressions he looks determined throughout the speech.Gestures hand gestures Pauses yes, to answer his speech more meaningful and dramatic. Increases or decreases in speaking stack no not really, it is at the same volume throughout the only speech. Overall Impression Speaker I think JEFF was a lustrous speaker. His word choice is incredible. The way he produces this speech is amazing. Speech I think the speech is understandable and very clear and it inspired galore(postnominal) people and gave them hope as it was intended to do.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Seventy-two

DaenerysThe land was red and dead and parched, and good forestland was hard to come by. Her foragers re false with gnarled cotton woodss, purple light touch, sheaves of brown grass. They a desirek the two straightest trees, hacked the limbs and branches from them, climb off their bark, and split them, riging the logs in a square. Its center they modify with straw, brush, bark shavings, and bundles of dry grass. Rakharo chose a st altogetherion from the small herd that remained to them he was non the equal of Khal Drogos red, only few plys were. In the center of the square, Aggo provide him a withered apple and dropped him in an instant with an axe coddle in the midst of the eyeball.Bound hand and foot, Mirri Maz Duur watched from the dust with disquiet in her dismal eyes. It is non enough to kill a horse, she t emeritus Dany. By itself, the origination is nonhing. You do not subscribe the words to make a spell, nor the soundness to aim them. Do you think bloodma gic is a game for children? You call me maegi as if it were a curse, but all it means is wise. You are a child, with a childs ignorance. any(prenominal) you mean to do, it pull up s bows not work. Loose me from these bonds and I pass on alleviate you.I am tired of the maegis braying, Dany told Jhogo. He took his whip to her, and after that the godswife kept silent.Over the carcass of the horse, they built a political program of hewn logs drawers of smaller trees and limbs from the greater, and the wideest straightest branches they could find. They set(p) the wood east to west, from sunrise to sunset. On the platform they piled Khal Drogos treasures his great tent, his painted robes, his saddles and harness, the whip his father had tending(p) him when he came to worldhood, the arakh he had used to slay Khal Ogo and his son, a mighty dragonb wholeness bow. Aggo would have added the weapons Drogos bloodriders had given Dany for bride poses as well, but she forbade it. Those a re mine, she told him, and I mean to go for them. anformer(a)(prenominal) level of brush was piled ab away the khals treasures, and bundles of dried grass scattered all over them.Ser Jorah Mormont pull her aside as the sun was creeping toward its zenith. Princess . . . he began.Why do you call me that? Dany challenged him. My brother Viserys was your king, was he not?He was, my lady.Viserys is dead. I am his heir, the outlast blood of House Targaryen. Whatever was his is mine at one time.My . . . queen, Ser Jorah said, going to one knee. My sword that was his is yours, Dacnerys. And my construet as well, that never be vasted to your brother. I am tho a k night, and I have nothing to offer you but exile, but I beg you, hear me. Let Khal Drogo go. You shall not be alone. I promise you, no man shall fool you to Vaes Dothrak unless you wish to go. You need not join the dosh khaleen. Come east with me. Yi Ti, Qarth, the JadeSea, Asshai by the Shadow. We will see all the wonder s yet unseen, and drink what wines the gods see fit to serve us. Please, Khaleesi. I agnize what you intend. Do not. Do not.I must, Dany told him. She touched(p) his face, fondly, sadly. You do not understand.I understand that you loved him, Ser Jorah said in a voice thick with despair. I loved my lady wife once, yet I did not occur with her. You are my queen, my sword is yours, but do not choose me to stand aside as you climb on Drogos pyre. I will not watch you burn.Is that what you fear? Dany kissed him lightly on his broad fore topic. I am not such a child as that, beatific ser.You do not mean to fall apart with him? You swear it, my queen?I swear it, she said in the Common Tongue of the Seven Kingdoms that by rights were hers.The third level of the platform was woven of branches no thicker than a finger, and cover with dry leaves and twigs. They laid them north to south, from ice to drop off, and piled them high with soft cushions and sleeping silks. The sun had begun t o lower toward the west by the time they were make. Dany called the Dothraki virtually her. less than a hundred were left. How many had Aegon sense experienceted with? she wondered. It did not matter.You will be my khalasar, she told them. I see the faces of slaves. I free you. Take off your collars. Go if you wish, no one shall harm you. If you stay, it will be as brothers and sisters, husbands and wives. The black eyes watched her, wary, expressionless. I see the children, women, the wrinkled faces of the aged. I was a child yesterday. at once I am a woman. Tomorrow I will be old. To each of you I say, give me your hands and your hearts, and there will incessantly be a model for you. She turned to the three young warriors of her khas. Jhogo, to you I give the notes gray-handled whip that was my bride gift, and name you ko, and ask your oath, that you will live and murmur as blood of my blood, riding at my side to keep me in effect(p) from harm.Jhogo took the whip from he r hands, but his face was confused. Khaleesi, he said hesitantly, this is not done. It would pity me, to be bloodrider to a woman.Aggo, Dany called, paying no heed to Jhogos words. If I spirit back I am lost. To you I give the dragonbone bow that was my bride gift. It was double-curved, lustrous black and exquisite, taller than she was. I name you ko, and ask your oath, that you should live and die as blood of my blood, riding at my side to keep me safe from harm.Aggo accredited the bow with lowered eyes. I crumbnot say these words. Only a man mountain lead a khalasar or name a ko.Rakharo, Dany said, good turn away from the refusal, you shall have the great arakh that was my bride gift, with hilt and blade chased in golden. And you too I name my ko, and ask that you live and die as blood of my blood, riding at my side to keep me safe from harm.You are khaleesi, Rakharo said, taking the arakh. I shall ride at your side to Vaes Dothrak beneath the Mother of Mountains, and ke ep you safe from harm until you take your place with the crones of the dosh khaleen. No more can I promise.She nodded, as calmly as if she had not heard his answer, and turned to the last of her champions. Ser Jorah Mormont, she said, frontmostly and greatest of my knights, I have no bride gift to give you, but I swear to you, one day you shall have from my hands a longsword like none the world has ever seen, dragon-forged and make of Valyrian steel. And I would ask for your oath as well.You have it, my queen, Ser Jorah said, kneeling to lay his sword at her feet. I vow to serve you, to obey you, to die for you if need be.Whatever may come?Whatever may come.I shall hold you to that oath. I pray you never regret the giving of it. Dany lift him to his feet. Stretching on her toes to reach his lips, she kissed the knight gently and said, You are the first of my Queensguard.She could feel the eyes of the khalasar on her as she entered her tent. The Dothraki were muttering and giving her distant sideways looks from the corners of their dark almond eyes. They thought her mad, Dany realized. Perhaps she was. She would know soon enough. If I look back I am lost.Her bath was scalding savoury when Irri helped her into the tub, but Dany did not flinch or cry aloud. She liked the arouse. It do her feel clean. Jhiqui had scented the water with the oils she had found in the market in Vaes Dothrak the steam rose moist and fragrant. Doreah washed her hair and combed it out, works loose the mats and tangles. Irri scrubbed her back. Dany closed her eyes and let the smell and the rut enfold her. She could feel the heat soaking with the soreness between her thighs. She shuddered when it entered her, and her pain and stiffness seemed to dissolve. She spoiled.When she was clean, her handmaids helped her from the water. Irri and Jhiqui fanned her dry, while Doreah brushed her hair until it deplorable like a river of liquid silver devour her back. They scented her with s piceflower and cinnamon a touch on each wrist, behind her ears, on the tips of her milk-heavy breasts. The last dab was for her sex. Irris finger felt as light and cool as a lovers kiss as it slid softly up between her lips.Afterward, Dany displace them all away, so she might prepare Khal Drogo for his final ride into the night lands. She washed his body clean and brushed and oiled his hair, running her fingers through it for the last time, feeling the weight of it, remembering the first time she had touched it, the night of their wedding ride. His hair had never been cut. How many men could die with their hair uncut? She buried her face in it and inhaled the dark nosegay of the oils. He smelled like grass and warm earth, like smoke and semen and horses. He smelled like Drogo. Forgive me, sun of my life, she thought. Forgive me for all I have done and all I must do. I paying(a) the price, my star, but it was too high, too high . . .Dany braided his hair and slid the silver ring s onto his mustache and hung his bells one by one. So many bells, gold and silver and bronze. Bells so his enemies would hear him coming and grow weak with fear. She urbane him in horsehair leggings and high boots, buckling a belt heavy with gold and silver medallions about his waist. Over his scarred chest she slipped a painted vest, old and faded, the one Drogo had loved best. For herself she chose loose sandsilk trousers, sandals that laced halfway up her legs, and a vest like Drogos.The sun was going down when she called them back to lend his body to the pyre. The Dothraki watched in silence as Jhogo and Aggo bore him from the tent. Dany passed behind them. They laid him down on his cushions and silks, his head toward the Mother of Mountains far to the northeast.Oil, she commanded, and they brought forth the jars and poured them over the pyre, soaking the silks and the brush and the bundles of dry grass, until the oil trickled from beneath the logs and the air was sizeable w ith fragrance. Bring my eggs, Dany commanded her handmaids. Something in her voice made them run.Ser Jorah took her arm. My queen, Drogo will have no use for dragons eggs in the night lands. Better to sell them in Asshai. Sell one and we can buy a ship to take us back to the Free Cities. Sell all three and you will be a wealthy woman all your days.They were not given to me to sell, Dany told him.She climbed the pyre herself to place the eggs around her sun-and-stars. The black beside his heart, under his arm. The park beside his head, his braid coiled around it. The cream-and-gold down between his legs. When she kissed him for the last time, Dany could seek the sweetness of the oil on his lips.As she climbed down off the pyre, she notice Mirri Maz Duur watching her. You are mad, the godswife said hoarsely.Is it so far from madness to wisdom? Dany asked. Ser Jorah, take this maegi and bind her to the pyre.To the . . . my queen, no, hear me . . . Do as I say. electrostatic he hesi tated, until her anger flared. You swore to obey me, whatever might come. Rakharo, help him.The godswife did not cry out as they dragged her to Khal Drogos pyre and staked her down amidst his treasures. Dany poured the oil over the womans head herself. I thank you, Mirri Maz Duur, she said, for the lessons you have taught me.You will not hear me scream, Mirri responded as the oil dripped from her hair and soaked her clothing.I will, Dany said, but it is not your screams I want, only your life. I remember what you told me. Only death can pay for life. Mirri Maz Duur opened her mouth, but made no reply. As she stepped away, Dany aphorism that the contempt was gone from the maegis flat black eyes in its place was something that might have been fear. Then there was nothing to be done but watch the sun and look for the first star.When a horselord dies, his horse is slain with him, so he might ride proud into the night lands. The bodies are burned beneath the open sky, and the khal rises on his fiery steed to take his place among the stars. The more fiercely the man burned in life, the brighter his star will shine in the darkness.Jhogo spied it first. There, he said in a hushed voice. Dany looked and adage it, low in the east. The first star was a comet, burning red. transmission linered fire red the dragons tail. She could not have asked for a stronger sign.Dany took the flannel mullein from Aggos hand and thrust it between the logs. The oil took the fire at once, the brush and dried grass a heartbeat later. Tiny ardours went darting up the wood like swift red mice, skating over the oil and dancing from bark to branch to leaf. A rising heat puffed at her face, soft and sudden as a lovers breath, but in seconds it had bighearted too hot to bear. Dany stepped backward. The wood crackled, louder and louder. Mirri Maz Duur began to sing in a shrill, ululating voice. The flames whirled and writhed, speed each other up the platform. The dusk shimmered as the air it self seemed to coalesce from the heat. Dany heard logs spit and crack. The fires swept over Mirri Maz Duur. Her song grew louder, shriller . . . then she gasped, over again and again, and her song became a shuddering wail, thin and high and full of agony.And now the flames reached her Drogo, and now they were all around him. His clothing took fire, and for an instant the khal was clad in wisps of floating orange silk and tendrils of curling smoke, grey and greasy. Danys lips parted and she found herself holding her breath. Part of her wanted to go to him as Ser Jorah had feared, to rush into the flames to beg for his mildness and take him inside her one last time, the fire melting the kind from their bones until they were as one, forever.She could smell the odor of burning flesh, no contrastive than horseflesh roasting in a firepit. The pyre roared in the increase dusk like some great beast, drowning out the fainter sound of Mirri Maz Duurs utter and sending up long tongues of flame to lick at the tummy of the night. As the smoke grew thicker, the Dothraki backed away, coughing. Huge orange gouts of fire unfurled their banners in that hellish wind, the logs hissing and cracking, glowing cinders rising on the smoke to float away into the dark like so many newborn fireflies. The heat beat at the air with great red wings, control the Dothraki back, driving off even Mormont, but Dany stood her ground. She was the blood of the dragon, and the fire was in her.She had comprehend the truth of it long ago, Dany thought as she took a step close set(predicate) to the conflagration, but the brazier had not been hot enough. The flames writhed before her like the women who had danced at her wedding, whirling and singing and spinning their yellow and orange and wild veils, fearsome to behold, yet lovely, so lovely, alive with heat. Dany opened her arms to them, her splutter flushed and glowing. This is a wedding, too, she thought. Mirri Maz Duur had fallen sile nt. The godswife thought her a child, but children grow, and children learn.Another step, and Dany could feel the heat of the sand on the soles of her feet, even through her sandals. eliminate ran down her thighs and between her breasts and in rivulets over her cheeks, where tears had once run. Ser Jorah was cheering behind her, but he did not matter anymore, only the fire mattered. The flames were so stunning, the loveliest things she had ever seen, each one a sorcerer apparel in yellow and orange and scarlet, swirling long blackened cloaks. She axiom ablaze(p) firelions and great yellow serpents and unicorns made of pale blue flame she saw fish and foxes and monsters, wolves and bright birds and flowering trees, each more beautiful than the last. She saw a horse, a great grey stallion limned in smoke, its move mane a nimbus of blue flame. Yes, my love, my sun-and-stars, yes, mount now, ride now.Her vest had begun to smolder, so Dany shrugged it off and let it fall to the gr ound. The painted leather split into sudden flame as she skipped closer to the fire, her breasts bare to the blaze, streams of milk menstruation from her red and swollen nipples. Now, she thought, now, and for an instant she glimpsed Khal Drogo before her, mounted on his smoky stallion, a flaming lash in his hand. He smiled, and the whip snaked down at the pyre, hissing.She heard a crack, the sound of shattering stone. The platform of wood and brush and grass began to shift and collapse in upon itself. Bits of burning wood slid down at her, and Dany was showered with ash and cinders. And something else came crashing down, bouncing and rolling, to land at her feet a chunk of curved rock, pale and veined with gold, broken and smoking. The roaring fill the world, yet dimly through the firefall Dany heard women shriek and children cry out in wonder.Only death can pay for life.And there came a second crack, loud and sharp as thunder, and the smoke stirred and whirled around her and the pyre shifted, the logs exploding as the fire touched their secret hearts. She heard the screams of panic-stricken horses, and the voices of the Dothraki raised in rallying crys of fear and terror, and Ser Jorah traffic her name and cursing. No, she wanted to shout to him, no, my good knight, do not fear for me. The fire is mine. I am Daenerys Stormborn, daughter of dragons, bride of dragons, mother of dragons, dont you see? Dont you SEE? With a belch of flame and smoke that reached thirty feet into the sky, the pyre collapsed and came down around her. Unafraid, Dany stepped forward into the firestorm, calling to her children.The third crack was as loud and sharp as the breakage of the world.When the fire died at last and the ground became cool enough to walk upon, Ser Jorah Mormont found her amidst the ashes, surrounded by blackened logs and bits of glowing ember and the burned-out bones of man and woman and stallion. She was naked, covered with soot, her clothes turned to ash , her beautiful hair all crisped away . . . yet she was unhurt.The cream-and-gold dragon was suckling at her left breast, the green-and-bronze at the right. Her arms cradled them close. The black-and-scarlet beast was draped across her shoulders, its long sinuous neck coiled under her chin. When it saw Jorah, it raised its head and looked at him with eyes as red as coals.Wordless, the knight brute(a) to his knees. The men of her khas came up behind him. Jhogo was the first to lay his arakh at her feet. pedigree of my blood, he murmured, pushing his face to the smoking earth. Blood of my blood, she heard Aggo echo. Blood of my blood, Rakharo shouted.And after them came her handmaids, and then the others, all the Dothraki, men and women and children, and Dany had only to look at their eyes to know that they were hers now, today and tomorrow and forever, hers as they had never been Drogos.As Daenerys Targaryen rose to her feet, her black hissed, pale smoke venting from its mouth and nostrils. The other two pulled away from her breasts and added their voices to the call, translucent wings unfolding and stirring the air, and for the first time in hundreds of years, the night came alive with the music of dragons.THE END

International law

The following stress is divided into the following sections Introduction Definitions favorableness Realism Inter estateal constabulary Conclusion List of works cited uprightnessfulness is a concept of politics that involves the stipulation and establishment of rules and regulations that argon enforced to shape politics, economics, and society. It is typeset in place by various governmental institutions to govern a community. Law moderates our day-to-day lives with regards to human relationships.It has various oncepts to it comp each legitimate philosophy, dimension righteousness, trust police force, il licit law, constitutional law, administrative law, worldwide law, and civil law. The remove of law wholeows for examine and revision of these rules and regulations ensuring that none is faulty or biased in any manner to a single party of the human population. Definitions The above mentioned concepts atomic number 18 in light of the various spotivities we indulge in. Contract law deals with regulation of trade terms relating to establishments of contracts.Property law deals in ownership rights and ownership transfers of own(prenominal) property. It is often called Chattel law. We can say that Trust law applies to assets that ar secured for financial reasons. A concept of law that was not mentioned previously in the introduction part is Tort law. This law enables one to apply for remuneration in the case of loss of or damage of personal property (Byers 22). Criminal law establishes the way and reasons for perpetrator prosecution.Constitutional law protects the human rights as well as providing the intelligent framework for the governance of a state, and its laws. administrative law presents governmental policies after they have been reviewed by governmental agencies, musical composition transnational aw controls and manages interstates sovereign decisions in trade and military action regulations (Wallace 198). The law forms a ground on wh ich all mankind is considered fair to middling, and offers Justice arrangings in equal proportions to every citizen. The three main arms of government are responsible for creating and enforcing legal systems of a state.These three are the executive, the Judiciary, and the legislature positivity This legal term, if applied in the context of international relation, asserts that each nation remains bound by the specific international laws it deems fit to under bourgeon as art of its governing criteria, but oppositewise, it would be free to act accordingly as it wishes were it not for those laws. It continues to clash in idealism with the assertions of naturalism and natural law till today (Kelsen 310). Its sociological rationale is that, rational knowledge is derived from au then(prenominal)tic sources like facts, experience, and positive verification.It suggests that law is based in the foremost place on the command of the ruler. mile Durkheim redefined Sociological logical positivism. Later sociologists found it self-contradictory with their beliefs and came up with the Anti-positivism concept. Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn led to the development of post-positivism. The stipulation of positivism essential as involvement continued to abound the topic questioning the public of higher norms of international relations that constrict the freedom of sovereign states (Dixon 341).In the look at of legal systems, positivism can be taken to establishment of international law is entirely dependent on natural law, it becomes apparent that positivism and international law come to a conflict on somewhat level (Armstrong 71). Realism This theory is based on the argument that, since all laws are made by human beings, or human beings, then it is subject to human error. On the context of international relations, we can control this to imply that in order for a realist to conquer, he must put aside all feelings of morality and friendship, and concentrate on buildi ng force taboo on his part.In the context of international law, we can say that it is an act out of selfish interests (Oppenheim 123). Its general rationale is achieving a nations goal without regard of the another(prenominal) nations. This prevents the nation from being vulnerable from other ruthless adversaries. Therefore, since war and conflict arise often etween countries, a realm should try gain an prefer over the others to make it stronger. Realists dismiss the significance of law in international relations because they believe there is no need to regard an impression that will limit your influence as a leader among your subjects.International law These are the rules and regulations put in place to govern international relations in the midst of any two participants or nations. This institution maintains order and legal privileges in the international community. It consists of treaties and long-lasting agreements that primarily concern nations and provinces, rather than mystic itizens. Some of the rulings made in international cases determine the ruling of other nations in the same premise. This way it can form resolutions between regions globally, ensuring that equal Justice is offered for the wrong-doing of an offense previously encountered.International law helps maintain countries in smooth relations with each other, trying to avoid the outbreak of a war where innocent lives might be lost or destroyed (Shaw 77-79). It except if falls short in execution of its enforcement strategies, seeing that the enforcement program is issue as well as underdeveloped. The issue only gets more manifold considering the sovereignty and independence of the member countries. No nation would subject itself to legal punishment knowing well that it can avoid participation of the legal program and act as it wishes.It would be binding itself in laws it has helped establish. In this premise, it suggests that positivism disregards the rule of international law (Sal li Swartz 112). Realism remains a very important aspect of influential magnitude in colleges that study legal systems. level-headed realism teaches political science as a social science and in udicial studies as a specialized discipline. Legal bodies that govern international relations seek to maintain harmony and pink of my John among member countries while trying to prevent possible conflict between two nations regardless of their membership.It requires that the international laws stipulated be considered into the national Justice system to prevent any nation from conflicting with others. Conclusion International law demands that participating countries partake of its Justice systems. Realism asserts that only when a country chooses to bind itself with these rules can it e party to international legal punishment. Positivism asserts that a country can choose to place its needs first before the interests of other countries (Barker 71-72).In this sense the two legal premises confli ct in ideology. However, international law demands that democratic states adopt international law into their internal legal law is left to its own discretion (Reus-Smit 101). It only demands that the nation ultimately conforms to the laws. It also insists that regardless of what a nations internal laws dictate, it cannot take them as an excuse to not comply with nternational agreements as stipulated by international bodies like the United Nations.

Legalizing Abortion

Topic spontaneous stillbirth Question Should miscarriage be legalized in East Africa? Claim Yes, abortion should be legalized in East Africa. Outline I. Introduction A. Definition of the marge B. Historical background II. Reasons A. Abortion supports in stability and minimizing the effects of pauperization in a family. B. It helps in controlling the population of a unpolished. C. It helps in preventing the deaths of women caused by illegal abortion. III. Unstated assumption It is good to have a decrease in population because when population of a country increases, it whitethorn surpass to decrease in the national income and economic growth, and increase in un mesh.IV. Opposing views A. Choosing adoption as an election to abortion. B. Abortion can pop off to a decrease in population which whitethorn endanger the thriftiness of a country. C. Legalizing abortion does not guarantee the survival of the woman after abortion. V. Responding to opposing view A. In Kenya, adoption i n Kenya has a broad process and restrictions. B. A decrease in population is also a positive impact to the country. C. Legalizing abortion reduces the vulnerable abortions whence, gives hope to the woman aborting. VI. purpose A. Summary of pointsB. Recommendations Abortion Abortion can be defined as ending of pregnancy or termination of pregnancy by natural selection or one that happens accidentally in campaign of miscarriage. The pregnancy is distant from the womb, either by taking pills which involves taking medicines to cause miscarriage or by surgery. In East Africa abortion is common and is al nigh ever so illegal and unsafe. Even though generate abortion is highly dependant in most of Eastern Africa, an estimated 2. 4 million unsafe induced abortion occurred in the region in 2008.Nearly one in quintuplet maternal deaths can be attributed to unsafe abortion and more than d women die per 100,000 unsafe abortions. If comp ared with United State, where abortion is lega l and safe the case fatality ratio is 0. 6 deaths per 100,000 abortions (Hussain, 2012). Hence, legalizing abortion ordain reduce unsafe abortions and the expense of the procedure. Abortion helps in stability and minimizing the effects of need in a family. Most of these abortions results from unwanted pregnancy, hence the family or the woman is ineffective to support the child decides to do abortion.Because a child needs a lot of dish out and support therefore money is involved. And this will help in minimizing the effect of poverty that would have likely occur if the fetus was kept. Abortion helps in controlling the population of a country. Kenya is among the under develop countries. This means there are fewer resources compared to the number people in the country. There abortions help in decreasing the population of the country which reduces the dependance ratio in the country and increase employment.It is good to have a decrease in population because when population of a c ountry increases, it may will to decrease in the national income and economic growth, and increase in unemployment. Abortion helps in preventing the deaths of women caused by illegal abortion. Most of the abortions performed in Kenya are unsafe due to lack of proper professional performing the abortion or lack of proper environment including equipments and surrounding where the abortion is macrocosm performed. Hence, endangers the health of the mother. I agree that women should choose adoption as an alternative to abortion.The woman should give the child away to a needy family which lacks children sort of of aborting. But that is not likely to happen in a country like Kenya. Its because childless families most of the time takes the children of their relatives to take care of. And also Kenya adoption process is very long and the court is the all legal body that approves the adoption. I concede that abortion can lead to a decrease in population which may endanger the parsimony of a country. A country like Kenya is still growing hence needs human labor. Decrease in population may lead to decrease of the countries performance.However, a decrease in population is also a positive impact to the country. Because it will lead to increase in employment which will lead to an increase in the countrys rude domestic product (GDP) and also leads to an increase in living measure of people. While it is true that legalizing abortion does not guarantee the survival of the woman after abortion. This is because the chances of surviving the abortion is 0. 6 per 100,000 people but legalizing abortion reduces the unsafe abortions hence, gives hope to the woman aborting.When abortion is legalized even the big hospitals will offer the services which are better compared to these illegal and dirty places where most of the abortions are performed. Abortion therefore helps in stability and minimizing the effects of poverty in a family, it helps in controlling the population of a coun try, and it helps in preventing the deaths of women caused by illegal abortion. However, the government of Kenya should limit the number of abortion to be done per woman and this should not imply in miscarriages.

Tree Plantation

Man has been closely link with the nature since the down of civilization. temperament is helpful for all human beings. Nature abounds with points. Trees are one of the best gifts of nature. As the civilization proceeds towards development, valuable nature assets are as well copting damaged day by day. So it is the ease with trees. Now the ecological balance is distributed and the biography becomes difficult. Our life and existence on earth dandyly depends on trees. So we should deeds trees through an existence expedition and maintain our ecological balance smooth. The commencement and foremost thing we take in from trees is oxygen.We inhale oxygen from air, which are provided by trees. Trees maintain the climate and the weather of a country. They help causing rainfall and save our country from destruction. Trees save our land from erosion and make it fertile. We get our major food production from trees we get our clothing material from trees. We also get some building ma terials from trees. Rural houses are mainly make by trees indirectly. We get furniture from trees which are provided by trees. Besides we get some kinds of medicines from trees. In real sense trees give us many things that we can non even count.In a matter of great regret the destruction of trees is common in Bangladesh. Our people cut trees at random. We use plants in the time of need but we can not plant more than, which is greatly needed for for existence. Trees are the raw material of many industries, so it is widely used. People use trees as fuel in their kitchen, brick fields. They also cut them to make new houses. It is a great scourge to our healthy atmosphere and our environment. The ratio of cutting and planting trees is very much(prenominal) different. We cut more but plant less. We have to plant more and more to prevent ourselves from natural disasters.Tress can be put almost all the year but rainy season is the get hold of time to plant trees. Each and everybody should be conscious about that service of trees and should take part in tree grove. Where we get vacant places in our house, office, schools, colleges, hospitals we should plant them. Or we can plant them on the sides of the roads or any available spaces with a view to provide shade. There are so many nurseries where we can get various kinds of trees and seeds at a minimum cost. It is hopeful that our government launches tree plantation expedition and get along tree plantation week in a year.Our united driving force can make their program successful. The middle east countries fulfill their requisite of fruit, food and vegetables importing them from Bangladesh. We also earn a lot of irrelevant exchange by exporting barks venoms of snakes, some medicinal fruits from our forest. The trees are our womb-to-tomb friend and become a part and parcel in our theme life. It is our burden duty and responsibility to plant trees not only plantation but also proper care should be ensured. F inally tree plantation is a most for our own betterment.

Actual families Essay

The views of actual families and perceived families on inner city family values are different in the sense that reality hits actual families. Our minds can perceive what should be done but if we check reality, poorness is a serious problem that should be dealt with fervor. Teaching family values is the arse of all solutions to these problems. Why is that so? If children learn family values at inhabitation and the parents show them good example in practicing these values, children will most possible emulate the parents (Learning Family, 1999, p. 1). Then on that point will be no origination of violent crimes since plenty practice compassion.There will be no extreme poverty since people practice being industrious. All these could be perceived in the mind but can be change into reality. Finally, it is not true that inner societies should believe that poverty is part and parcel of land of the society they belong. Poverty can be eradicated by all mode if cooperation of the peo ple concerned can be given. However, there are people who become poor because of the things that they do not have control of. And separate people experience poverty because they are too indolent to meet hard. The former cause of poverty deserves to be treated as retrievable and can be solved.See more Beowulf essay essayAnd there is nothing we can do for people who become poor collectable to idleness and slothfulness. Thus, family values of industry and integrity must be upheld in both actual and perceived families on inner cities.ReferencesAshman, K. & Hull, G. 1999. Understanding generalist Practice. USA Nelson-Hall, Inc. International Herald Tribune. 2008. Global Food Shortage the Statess light still shines moving too fast. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from http//www. iht. com /articles/2008/03/13/opinion/edlet. php. Learning Family. 1999. Learning Family Values. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from http//www. learningfamily. net/about/values.htm. news 24 Website. 2008 elevat ed 25. Poverty, parenting cause crime. Retrieved October 1, 2008, from http//www. news24. com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_2382088,00. html. Overpopulation Website. 2008 September 7. Impacts. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from http//www. overpopulation. org/impact. html. Vogel, S. 2008 August 24. Gazette Extra. Does Poverty Equal Crime? Scholars disagree. Retrieved October 1, 2008, from http//gazettextra. com/news/2008/aug/24/does-poverty-crime-scholars-disagree/. Wattenberg, M. , Edwards III, G. & Lineberry, R. 2003. government of America. USA Addison- Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc.

Quality Management-Toyota Essay

This paper explores multiple published articles discussing Toyota aim c tout ensembleer-ups effectivitys, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A review of Toyotas decisions to hide most-valuable information prior to adjourns leads us to a give-and-take of where Toyota provoke go from here. The paper accepts recommendations for Toyota force back order in order to move forwards subsequently their 2010 pull backs.In step-up, organisational changes testament assist Toyota Motor Company in overcoming their recollection conundrums. spirit focus 3 Quality direction within Toyota Motor Company After a form of discourage recalls at Toyota Motor Company in 2010, a chip of choice counseling techniques were implemented. Toyota Motor Companys grind synopsis compete into the currently implemented quality concern techniques.Toyotas strengths allowed them to fight venture quickly against these recalls that could have ultimately led to Toyotas fall from iodin of the conduct motor companys. Toyota Motor Companys strengths take on dominant position in the securities perseveranceplace, strong trademark realisation, strong heighten on research and development, and broad payoff and dispersal nedeucerk. In addition to Toyotas strengths, their weaknesses were reviewed in order to find opportunities to capitalize upon.The recalls were obviously a large weakness at Toyota. Opportunities were reviewed which implicated the emergence of the global self-propelling industry. Last, Toyotas threats were reviewed. Here it was ready that powerful contest is a puzzle for Toyota Motor Company. After the review of Toyota Motor Companys SWOT Analysis, the outcome of the recalls was assessed. Analysis shows the issue within Toyota Motor Company did non appear overnight. However, airless management styles let the company astray. A diagram was created by functional bea to summarize how Toyota has responded to these recall problems.The functional ara s reviewed include management, intersection design and caoutchouc, quality, and manufacturing. Last, the analysis of Toyota Motor Companys recall and quality management issues are discussed from a point of solving the problem. Recommendations are discussed that will help Toyota Motor Company to turn their weaknesses into strengths. QUALITY heed 4 Method Discussion SWOT Analysis Internal Factors Strengths Weaknesses harvest-time Dominant position in the securities industryplace Strong brand recognition Strong focus on Research & Development Broad carrefourion and distribution net ferment. Product recalls have the ability to forbidly affect brand image Declining sales in crucial geographic areas External Factors Opportunities Threats rivalry Growth of the global automotive industry Potential benefit from partnering with BMW The scene for the new global car market is strong Powerful argument Appreciation of the Japanese Yen Environmental regulations Natural disaster s Strengths. Toyota has a number of internal product strengths as noted in the SWOT Analysis table above. Toyotas market share in 2011 was 16. 5 percent, its highest market share in 4 forms.This strong market share allowed Toyota to grasp a competitive advantage against their rivalry. In addition to holding a dominant position in the marketplace, Toyota possesses strong brand recognition through and through a number of brands. These brands include Toyota, Lexus, Prius, Corolla, Yaris, Camry, Sequoia, 4Runner, Scion tC, Highlander, Land Cruiser, and a number of new(prenominal) brand names. These brands are some of the most desired premium brands in the world according to the Company Profile report for Toyota Motor Company documented by MarketLine. QUALITY worry 5 An new(prenominal) strength of Toyota is their strong attention to research and development.According to the Company Profile report, Toyotas focus on research and development is pointed towards the creation of new and change products. Research and development operations are conducted at 14 facilities located around the world. This strength has allowed Toyota to increase the technology included in quick products. One of these products, a Pre-collision System (PCS) helps drivers avoid collisions. Overall, the strong focus on research and development has been a big strength for Toyota. Last, Toyotas production and distribution network has been a big strength for the company.Toyota produces automobiles, related parts, and other components through more than 50 manufacturing companies throughout 27 countries and regions, not including Japan. As mentioned on the Toyota Motor Company website, major locations include Japan, the fall in States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Turkey, Thailand, China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, South Africa, Australia, Argentina, and Brazil. As describe by Toyota Motor Company, during fiscal year 2013 the company had consolidated vehicle sales totals of 8. 871 millio n units (TCM, 2013). As reported by Toyota Motor Company, this was an increase of 1.519 million units compared to the previous fiscal year. In addition to the widelyspread production of Toyota products, the company has a large distribution network. Toyotas distribution network is one of the largest in Japan encompass four sales carry (Toyota, Toyopet, Corolla, and Netz). In 2012 the distribution network of these channels was comprised of 283 dealers. In addition to this network, Toyota operates over 170 Lexus sales channels in Japan. QUALITY MANAGEMENT 6 As reported by Toyota Motor Company, in fiscal year 2013 these networks accounted for the prolonging vehicle sales japan gross revenue TOTALED 2.279 billion UNITS IN NORTH AMERICA vehicle SALES TOTALED 2. 469 MILLION UNITS IN EUROPE VEHICLE SALES TOTALED 799,085 UNITS ASIA CAME IN AT TOTAL VEHICLE SALES OF 1. 684 MILLION UNITS CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA, OCEANIA AND AFRICA CAME IN AT 1. 640 MILLION UNITS As you can see, Toyotas distribution network is widespread allowing for diversification and a wide reach of clientele, ultimately boosting revenues and sales. Weaknesses. A large focus of the case cartoon focuses on the weakness of Toyotas product recalls. As many are aware, Toyota has encountered a number of recalls in the late(a) past.It is a concern that these recalls could negatively affect Toyotas brand imagine ultimately leading to lessen sales for the company. When searching for Toyota recalls it was easy to find a few recent recalls. The most recent is a recall of 700,000 Toyota Prius models which were recalled over electronic issues in the United States (csmonitor. com, 2014). Another very recent recall includes certain versions of the Lexus RX crossover. In this case, more than 261,000 vehicles are being recalled due to a brake issue (csmonitor. com, 2014). In addition to the many recalls, Toyota has been involved in a number of lawsuits.In December 2012, Toyota settled a suit by pay $17. 4 m illion to the National High mode Traffic Safety brass to settle claims related to the June 2012 recall of potential accelerator pedal entrapment issues. This problematic press will ultimately result in a negative effect on consumers confidence in Toyotas brand. In addition, the settlement of suits ultimately decreases Toyotas QUALITY MANAGEMENT 7 profits. As a result of this bad press Toyota saw a descent in 2012 sales in important geographic areas. Declining sales in fiscal year 2012 were seen across North America, Asia, and Europe. Opportunities.As reported by the article, Global automotive industry to welcome modest growth in 2012, a number of opportunities exist in the global automotive industry (2012). The Japanese auto industry responded from natural disasters which had featured reduced inventories and production. It is forecasted that the industry will continue to grow increasing Toyota revenues. In June of 2012, BMW and Toyota signed a long-run partnership. The two com panies are partnering on the developments that will help to increase market share and sales.This relationship is expected to increase technology between the two companies as well as result in new product development. In addition to these opportunities, the new car market is experiencing moderate growth which will assist in increased sales and profits. Threats. Intense competition in the universal car market has become very competitive. This competition will likely increase in the upcoming years as competitors add more technology and increase developments. In addition to the impetuous competition, the appreciating Japanese Yen has become a big concern for Toyota.Last, surroundings regulations have the potential to increase production costs. Emissions regulations that are updated periodically could cause issues in new car production. Evolvement of Quality Management Issues At world-class glance, it seems that Toyotas gas pedal issue appeared overnight. However, upon further researc h, evidence was found to prove the opposite.As reported in the article Secretive glossiness Let Toyota Astray, evidence that Toyota cars could suddenly speed up had been piling up for years (2010). At the time of the recalls, Toyota had known about this gas QUALITY MANAGEMENT 8 pedal problem for more than a year. The problem was stated to be Toyotas secretive corporate culture in Japan which ultimately conflicted with United States requirements that auto makers disclose galosh threats. peeled initiatives brought to the table by Toyota have attempted to correct the previous secretive culture of Toyota. Total quality management initiatives have been put in place to assist in better customer service and safety and repair issues. According to Jacobs and Chase, total quality management can be defined as managing the entire organization so that it excels on all dimensions of products and services that are important to the customer (Chase and Jacobs, 2014, p. 296). The table following th is discussion addresses the steps Toyota has taken in response to its recent quality recall problems.Functional Area Quality Management Steps Management Managing film director names to oversee any safety-related issues Top down management approach Product Design & Safety Troubleshooting teams known as spry Market Analysis Response Teams work to find any safety issues that need to be reported Quality TAQIC Toyota Advanced Quality instruction Center staffed by a group of employees who compile repair reports from dealerships worldwide 1000 engineers hired to spot-check quality Manufacturing No drastic changes to company lines QUALITY MANAGEMENT 9 Results/Discussion Problem Solution As discussed in the diagram above, there were many opportunities for Toyota after their encounter with the recall situation.Akio Toyoda, the head of the company, acted quickly by implementing a top down management approach instead of the more popular Japanese bottom up approach that slows down the decision making. In addition, Akio cut board of directors by fifty percent and cut out management layers. Akio also began confrontation with his top five advisers on a weekly basis. In these meetings decisions were do quickly. Akio pushed his team to make always better cars. This change in the way the organization is managed helped Toyota to stay on top even through the recalls. Recommendations some(prenominal) recommendations have been made to assist Toyota Motor Company in better the recall situation they encountered in 2011. Some recommendations Toyota should follow include as recommended by the North American Quality Advisory Panel include the following GIVE NORTH AMERICAN operations MORE freedom IN MAKING RECALL DECISIONS STRENGTHEN QUALITY CONTROL PROCESSES consort DEVELOPMENT TIME OF NEW PRODUCTS TO INCLUDE MORE SAFETY TESTS attain A ROLE OF CHIEF SAFETY TECHNOLOGY OFFICER.CREATE AND set up A SAFETY RESEARCH CENTER FOCUSED ON defend THE MOST IMPORTANT clientele (chi ldren, teens, and seniors) QUALITY MANAGEMENT 10 These ideas follow the concept of total quality management which focuses on two implicit in(p) goals CAREFUL DESIGN OF THE PRODUCT (IN THE CASE OF TOYOTA ride COMPANY, THE VEHICLE) ENSURE THAT TOYOTA MOTOR COMPANY SYSTEMS CAN PRODUCE THIS DESIGN IN A uniform manner Quality at the source seems to be a bang-up way for Toyota Motor Company to proceed.Quality at the source agent that the person who is doing the work is taking the responsibility for making sure the work meets specifications. As previously discussed, safety control will be a huge initiative for Toyota Motor Company going forward. If implemented, these recommendations can do a lot to help Toyota Motor Company increase their organisational effectiveness.As previously discussed, many organizational steps were taken by Akio Toyoda after these recalls. It seems that Toyota could greatly benefit from organizational learning. As stated by Operations and Supply Chain Managemen t, it has been argued that organizational learning is critical to sustaining a competitive advantage (Chase and Jacobs, 2014, p. 138).Organizational realignment was important to Toyota Motor Company after the 2010 and 2011 recalls. According to a Toyota news release in December of 2008 organizational changes include the establishment of the below QUALITY MANAGEMENT 11 A GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS assemblage WHICH WAS FOCUSED ON affectionate RESPONSE TO inquiries from around the world while also unifying earthly concern affairs functions.AN ACCOUNTING GROUP AIMED AT STRENGTHENING THE BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL management system of Toyota Motor Company. A EUROPE AND AFRICA OPERATIONS GROUP INTENDED TO ASSIST WITH BUSINESS PLANNING IN African and Central Asia.The group was also established to conduct business furtherance events in both Europe and Africa. A PRODUCTION ENGINEERING GROUP AIMED AT INCREASING THE STRENGTH OF THE QUALITY control system for semiconductors for c risscross vehicles. The recommendations made are important to Toyotas future.Reorganization and creation of new groups within the organization will help Toyota to overcome these recalls. QUALITY MANAGEMENT 12 References Ingram, A. (2014, Feb 12). Toyota recall 1. 9 million Prius vehicles recalled to fix software glitch. Retrieved from http//www. csmonitor. com/ billet/In-Gear/2014/0212/Toyota-recall-1. 9-million-Prius-vehicles-recalled-to-fix-software-glitch Jacobs, F. R. , & Chase, R. (2014). Operations and supply chain management. (14 ed. ). New York, NY McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Lassa, T. (Feb, 2012). U. s. market share for the top five automakers.Retrieved from http//www. motortrend. com/features/auto_news/2011/1202_u_s_markets_share_for_the_ top_five_automakers/ Linebaugh, K. , Searcey , D. , & Shirouzu, N. (Feb, 2010 08). Secretive culture led toyota astray. Retrieved from http//online. wsj. com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704820904575055733096312238 ? mod=WSJ_hpp_LEADNewsCollectio n&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http//online. wsj. com/artic le/SB10001424052748704820904575055733096312238. html? mod=WSJ_hpp_LEADNewsCollection Marketline. (2013, Jan). Toyota motor corporation turn out analysis.Retrieved from http//web. a. ebscohost. com. library3. webster. edu/ehost/detail? vid=4&sid=6ef29150-7574-461b-8281-afd6e7a8edf6sessionmgr4001&hid=4212&bdat a=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ== Ridley , G. (2012, Jan 06). Global automotive industry to experience modest growth in 2012. Retrieved from QUALITY MANAGEMENT 13 http//www. ey. com/GL/en/Newsroom/News-releases/Global-automotive-industry-to-exp erience-modest-growth-in-2012 Taylor, A. (2012, Feb 27). Toyotas comeback kid.Fortune, 165(3), 72-79. Retrieved from http//web. b. ebscohost. com. library3. webster. edu/ehost/detail? sid=51dc3e8b-84d1-4dcd-85bf-3342162ffef8sessionmgr110&vid=1&hid=126&bdata= JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ TMC. (2013, May 08). TMC announces year-end monetary results for fiscal year ended march 31, 2013. Retrieved from ht tp//www2. toyota. co. jp/en/news/13/05/0508_1. html Voss, M. (2011, May 23). Toyota receives recommendations from compass north american quality advisory panel. Retrieved from http//corporatenews. pressroom. toyota. com/releases/toyota receives recommendations north american quality advisory panel. htm.

Prp Theories

HUMAN RESOUCE MANAGEMENT CONTENTS 1. Introduction1 2. Literature review2 2. 1 military issue of PRP2 2. 2Concept of PRP3 2. 3Relevant theories of PRP4 2. 3. 1Maslows hierarchy of needs & Herzbergs penuryal surmise4 2. 3. 2Equity surmise in PRP5 3. subject field study6 3. 1Case iodine Why Do Companies Use Performance-Related conciliate for Their Executive Directors? (Bender, 2004)6 3. 2Case 2 Evaluating military operation-related take over for managers in the National Health operate (Dowling & Richardson, 1997)9 4. depth psychology and Evaluation of PRP opening in Business Organisations11 4. 1Comparison11 4. Contrast12 4. 3Performance related sacrifice opening in rail path line administrations13 4. 3. 1Motivates employees and improve their impression14 4. 3. 2Facilitates change to organizational pagan14 4. 3. 3Encourages the internalization of murder norms15 4. 4Problems of PRP in practice15 4. 4. 1Setting cognitive operation objectives16 4. 4. 2Assessment and r atings17 4. 4. 3Reward17 5. Conclusion18 Reference19 Appendices21 1. Introduction Nowadays, forgiving Resource Management has become a strategic and coherent approach to a greater extent than than just managing the competencies and skills of employees in an organization.Armstrong (2002) noticed that HRM is oft more(prenominal) than focus on mass not jobs, and so does calling organization (Lewis, 1998). Yet, spate have been placed as an important subr forbiddenine of business. To this extent, this essay will take a vituperative look at PRP which is based on people, and as well as considered as an inwrought and sensitive blow up of the HRM in organizations today. The story starts with a brief review of recent belles-lettres which reports studies of PRP systems. It continues with describing devil case studies related to the practical discrepancy to PRP theories.It goes on to our bear independent critical analysis by comparing the PRP theories and practice in real worl d. Finally, in that location be objectives being drawn about the correctness of PRP in a look environment. 2. Literature review 2. 1 process of PRP Performance-related remunerate (PRP) emerged in the early 1980s which attempts to relate someone surgical operation at figure out to reward, aiming to locomote people ad develop performance-oriented cultures. excessively business organisations, whatsoever public institutions such as governments and universities in annexition adopt PRP as an essential level for championing value.By comparing with some separate stipend final causes, the PRP idea was whole-heartedly accepted by employers and played a much more imperious effect on improving employees behaviour and organisations culture. According to the IPD research into performance precaution practices in 1997, 43 per cent of respondents had PRP additionally, IBS research in 1998 showed that 61 per cent of answers satisfied their merit pay. These figures betray it e asy to conform to that PRP have been widely applied among organizations whatever businesslike or public facility (Armstrong, 2002).There are a variety of reasons wherefore organization may applied PRP. Armstrong and Murlis (1994) stated that it is right and proper for people to be rewarded in accordance with their contribution. According to Pilbeam & Colbridge (2002), there are a number of factors contributing to the emergence of PRP, which is identified in digit 1. The Thatcher legacy and enterprise values in the public sector Increasingly warring environment and concern with employee performance Unitary and neo-unitary employment relations perspectivesreaffirmation of the right to manage and increasing managerial construe Influence of HRM demagoguery & Strategic integration of reward Trends towards individualism and the weakening of collectivism Emergence of PRP Figure 1 Factors contributing to the emergence of PRP (Pilbeam & Corbridge, 2002) 2. 2 Concept of PRP ACAS (1990) delineate individual performance-related pay (PRP) as a method of payment where an individual employee receives increases in pay based wholly or partly on the regular and systematic sound judgment of job performance.Additionally, Murlis (1996) claimed a substantial distinction betwixt the intake of PRP to managing performance straight from the motivational comment of financial rewards (motivation) and the use of PRP to identify different levels of performance (reward). Based on these points, PRP skunknister be commented as a combination of three linchpin factors motivation, performance and rewards, which lap in cardinal ways that need people to achieve expected performance and honor these people who have achieved productive performance.Based on these three factors and their consanguinitys, Pilbeam and Corbridge (2002) identified three stages for PRP cover Firstly, stage setting individual performance criteria by imposition, discussion or takement foremost secondly , assessing performance against individual performance criteria which established in stage1 thirdly, allocating pay to the assessment of performance by the exercise of managerial prerogative. 2. 3 Relevant theories of PRP 3. 2 2. 3. 1 Maslows hierarchy of needs & Herzbergs motivational possibleness in PRP Maslows (1943, 1987) hierarchy of needs and the twain factor theory of Herzberg (1959) indicated that pay tail be considered as the most effective way to satisfy benevolents need and further to motivate people to work more effectively, which means appropriate payment privy bear employee to achieve successful performance that maximizing organisations benefits.Kessler and Purcell (1922) historied that employees will be easily motivated if there is a adopt and close relationship betwixt performance and reward. Therefore, PRP schemes could motivate the employees to increase their efforts to hit good performance. 2. 3. 2 Equity theory in PRP The Equity theory of Adams (1965) id entified that employees have a strong need to be inured fairly which can be balanced by an equity between their input like work performance and output like rewarding.Compared to other types of pay like non-incentive pay which is based on embodiedly-negotiated rule, PRP associates employees productivity with their behaviour, rewarding employees for their successful performance, which is much more fair and reasonable. From these theories, we can see that PRP has brought a lot of potential benefits on improving HRM efficiency of organization. However, there are some shortages in PRP application in practice, which will be discussed in following ii empirical case analyses. 3. Case study 3. Case one Why Do Companies Use Performance-Related Pay for Their Executive Directors? (Bender, 2004) The constitution focused on the issue of rewards to the listed companies executive rentor. There are variable ways to pay the rewards. Thus the performance-related pay introduced to this topic. At the beginning of this paper prior research introduces three types of theory to explain why companies use performance-related pay agency theory, motivation theories (expectancy, equity), and institutional and legitimacy theories.Research designing utilized 12 companies call into questions with 35 persons who stand in different positions. These interviews lasted for 2 years from December 2001 to May 2003. The interviews reflected different opinions about the crook of PRP. most of the answers demonstrated PRP could motivate people to do work well Alan Wilson, headman executive of Skandia UK regarded pay as a motivator a HR director thought if everyone was paid the same base salary, they would always do the same.But a part of the respondents denied that PRP made an effort in motivating people in the work. A CEO argued that whether PRP works depends on which commercialize you were in and also on when the people were on flat salaries. in any case another respondent held a neutral idea on motivation of PRP to managers. A CEO categorized his employees into two types one type dog money and the other worked for vocational interests and he realized that PRP was in a position to exert influence on those who chased money and not on employees worked for vocational interests.At the end of this part the occasion reaches the conclusion that lack of money is a de-motivator. Furthermore, interviews demonstrated some different ideas a) fee represents personal value of employees. The more contribution you have made, the more you can earn b) Focus and frankness according to the answers from interviewees, we can find that the social club adopts PRP with the intention to make executives focus on their work efforts and fairness can improve employees performance c) The need to provide alignment here is a large number of factors influence performance in long-term and some of those cannot be observed currently d) Other reasons to introduce performance-related pay the requ isite of government to adopt PRP and because of everybody has it so you has to have it e) Problems with performance-related pay a consultant pointed out that PRP system would bring unpredictable problems especially in long-term and it is difficult to select appropriate measure and targets. Market Practices Need for genuineness Need to Attract and RetainImplement a performance-related reward scheme Set performance measures and targets and use it to communicate strategy Directors actions and behaviours Business performance Performance-related award Monetary award Increased adult male capital for incoming negotiations Effect on individuals self worth Figure 2 Why Companies use performance-related pay (Bender, 2004) In the final part, the author summarizes this case study according to three theories mentioned at the beginning of our verbal description and draws figure 1 to show why companies performance-related pay. . 2 Case two Evaluating performance-related pay for managers in the National Health Service (Dowling & Richardson, 1997) This paper includes 4 sections. Section 1 explains the NHS system which means the performance related pay system for general management in 1989. Section 2 concludes the paygrade criteria and explanatory framework. PRP is introduced on the initiative of management. According to Cannel and Woods look into, PRP could be introduced to overcome problems with existing systems, o encourage employees motivation, to improve communication with work force, to reduce problems of recruitment. Kessler suggested that the PRP might also be used to improve the fairness of a payment system, to reduce union influence and the importance of collective bargaining, can also give additional influence to line managers. The purpose of PRP is said to reward those manage who achieve a more than effective standard of work and motivate managers to perform better.Section 3 values the efficiency of the scheme and four measures are utilized to check the taki ngs of the scheme. Managers had to be assessed by their supervisors and receive reward based on their performance if they had finished targets set at the beginning of the year. In NHS, the HR discussion section designed the PRP system in order to motivate managers. However, through self-reported entropy from the managers covered by the PRP system, a majority of respondents saw the scheme as having little or no effect on their motivation to do their jobs well.Also the authors did not found solid evidence to show that there are corresponding negative consequences of PRP. The initial examination of the raw data clearly suggests that the three elements of the scheme achieved different degrees of success. The objective-setting elements seemed to be widely supported. It could be observed that the schemes rewards were either not appropriate or not sufficiently curlive to act as a motivator. PRP include the way in which performance standards are set and monitored.Section 4 explains the effects of PRP in the NHS. About 85% respondents showed satisfaction with the objective setting process. Furthermore, they also concord that the challenge offered by the objective measures increase their determination to achieve their destination set before. On the other hand, there was also much critical comment on reward system such as subjectivity and appraiser bias. In addition, the PRP reward system was always cash limited. 4. Analysis and Evaluation of PRP Theory in Business Organisations 2 3 4. 1 ComparisonBoth of the two cases are involved in the depicted object of PRP, and focus on the effectiveness of PRP scheme. In addition, both of the researches partly agree that PRP is successful in some areas or in some extend, however, PRP is windlessness not a perfect scheme due to various reasons. As what has been pointed out to be the problems in PRP, among all of the reasons mentioned in the papers, the objective-setting process has been pointed out in both of the researches , which indicates that this might be one of the key points which should be considered to improve PRP scheme.What is more, both of the papers mention that PRP is introduced in order to attract and retain executives with the potential of large earnings(Bender, 2004) and to improve the fairness of a payment system, to generate employee commitment (Dowling and Richardson, 1997), which can be considered as the positive points of PRP. 4. 2 Contrast The methods used in the research in the two cases are different. The case about PRP in the National Health Service used both quantitative and qualitative date from a questionnaire survey (Dowling and Richardson, 1997).While, the case conducted by Bender (2004) used qualitative date from an interview survey. Moreover, the perspectives used in the two papers also vary. As to the reasons why PRP is not more successful, Dowling and Richardson (1997) consider that there are three kinds of employees as being particularly important initially, those w ho designate that the objective-setting process of PRP is coped with terribly secondly, those who think the assessments are handled badly lastly, those who believe that the rewards are not attractive complete to encourage their motivation.They hold the opinion that PRP has a less important influence on these people, which indicates that the improvement of objective-setting process, assessments and rewards might come about to improving the effect of PRP. While, the paper conducted by Bender (2004) indicates that the reason that PRP is not so successful is also related to the market in which directors are. Besides, salary and rewards are not the solely recourses that could motivate managers. For instance, leisure can also play a monumental role in the performance of managers. Additionally, PRP scheme has less important dissemble on those people who mainly work for vocational interests.Mean piece, this paper (Bender, 2004) pays more attention to the reasons that PRP is used by com panies. The writer points out some more reasons from interviews with directors other than the strong points of PRP which have been mentioned above. To be exactly, pay can be deemed as a symbol of worth and how much one can earn is associated with the self esteem for the executives. In the end, we can see from the two papers that PRP has developed successfully from 1997 to 2004 because what are reflected in the papers shows us that PRP has been used much more and been recognized in a wider range.As a result, we can conclude that with the use of PRP, this scheme has become and also will become more and more mature and contribute a lot to business organizations. 4. 3 Performance related pay theory in business organizations This section conducts analysis of two empirical cases critically and assesses the value of PRP theory and benefits it achieves in business organizations. The whole objective of pay related systems like the PRP and other HRM theories is obviously to bring or add to th e value of business organizations. When we take a look at the first paper, it is obvious that on the average PRP increases an organizations value.The following are the perceived benefits of the PRP theory 4 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4. 1 Motivates employees and improve their performance The human needs hierarchy theory of Maslow (1943, 1987) and the two factors theory of Herzberg (1959) indicate that in modern society satisfying human needs like payment is in a position to motivate people to work harder. Furthermore, in business organisations payment related to performance can stimulate people to accomplish the performance that organizations want. Kessler and Purcell (1992) claimed that if direct relationship exists between effort, performance and reward, employees would be motivated.PRP schemes act exactly as this direct link motivating the employees to increase their efforts. 5. 4. 2 Facilitates change to organizational cultural Kessler and Purcell (1992) argued that PRP refers to flexibi lity, dynamism, entrepreneurial spirit and careful allocation of resources, leading to a performance-orientated culture. Therefore, the entree of PRP facilitates change in business organizations culture from collectively negotiated formula to individual contribution, which assists in solving problems, increasing value of organizations, and reducing problems of recruitment and retention. 5. 4. Encourages the internalization of performance norms PRP can encourage the internalization of the organisations finale or norms of behaviour among the employees of the organization (Geary, 1992). In the implementation of PRP, the organisations norms of behaviour can be enhanced by rewarding graceful work effects and by punishing incongruous performance. Thereby, it strengthens management control and clarifies job roles within organizations. 5. 4 Problems of PRP in practice Theoretically, PRP can break many benefits for organizations, which have been demonstrated above. However, there are alw ays gaps between theories and practice of PRP.In this part data from the NHS case will be utilized to illustrate some problems of PRP. Figure 3 above shows that scarcely 2 percent respondents consider PRP as the motivator for them to work harder while respondents with opposite idea accounts for 45 percent. Also 67 percent respondents nip neutral idea on the question of whether PRP scheme affect motivation to do the job and 77 percent respondents did not feel more co-operation after the introduction of PRP scheme. Question Negative Positive Does PRP have effect on your motivation to do the job well? 2 3 67 25 4 You consciously work harder because of the PRP scheme. 45 26 17 10 2 You focus on PRP objectives rather than other activities. 34 34 20 10 2 PRP changes co-operation level among colleagues 2 12 77 8 1 Figure 3 PRP in the National Health Service (Dowling and Richardson, 1997) 5. 5. 4 Setting performance objectives It is essential for organizations to set up clear and measur able objectives so that the behaviour of employees can be guided by objectives. However, imposition and narrowness of PRP in objective-setting could lead to failure of the implementation.Whats more, short term approach stemming from narrow and direct objectives could make employees ignore intangible aspects and long-term tasks. Therefore, the weakness of PRP in objective-setting could disapprove behaviour that is not financially rewarded and prevent business organizations from functioning well. 5. 5. 5 Assessment and ratings Assessment and ratings are indispensable stage of PRP system. In practice, two crucial elements during these processes, scales of ratings and fair estimations made by managers are difficult to achieved, which make employees not satisfied with ratings given to them.As Belfield and Marsden (2002) argued that the use of PRP will do more harm than good if the right supervise environment is not in place. 5. 5. 6 Reward PRP regards reward as the motivator for empl oyees to work hard, which is often not the case in practice. Maslows theory of the pecking order of Needs (1943) stated that payment is not the only need of human beings. Besides payment, people also have mental requirements such as belongingness needs, esteem needs and self-actualization. 5. ConclusionAfter critical analysis and assessment we can finally reach the conclusion that in theory PRP is in a position to provide business organizations certain benefits such as motivating employees, improving their performance, attracting executives, facilitating change in organizational culture and supporting the internalization of performance norms. However, due to imposition and narrowness in objective-setting, unfairness and inaccuracy in assessment and ratings, and diversification of human needs, theoretical benefits of PRP cannot be reached.Therefore, more attention should be paid on the gap between HRM theories and their application in practice so that HRM theories can assist busine ss organizations in increasing their values. Reference ACAS, 1990. Appraisal-related Pay. capital of the United Kingdom ACAS. Adams, J. S. , 1965. Inequity in social exchange. In Berkowitz, L. ed. , Advances in experimental social psychology. New York Academic Press, 267-299. 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