De Havilland Mosquito in World War II

The design for the de Havilland Mosquito originated in the late 1930s, when the de Havilland Aircraft Company began working on a bomber design for the Royal Air Force. Having had great success in designing high-speed civilian aircraft, such as the DH.88 Comet and DH.91 Albatross, both constructed largely of wood laminates, de Havilland sought to secure a contract from the Air Ministry. The use of wood laminates in its planes allowed de Havilland to reduce the overall weight of its aircraft while simplifying construction.   A New Concept In September 1936, the Air Ministry released Specification P.13/36 which called for a medium bomber capable of achieving 275 mph while carrying a payload of 3,000 lbs. a distance of 3,000 miles. Already an outsider due to their use of all-wood construction, de Havilland initially attempted to modify the Albatross to meet the Air Ministrys requirements. This effort fared poorly as the performance of the first design, possessing six to eight guns and a three-man crew, projected badly when studied. Powered by twin Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, the designers began seeking ways to improve the planes performance. While the P.13/36 specification resulted in the Avro Manchester and Vickers Warwick, it led to discussions that advanced the idea of the fast, unarmed bomber. Seized upon by  Geoffrey de Havilland, he sought to develop this concept to create an aircraft would exceed the P.13/36 requirements. Returning to the Albatross project, the team at de Havilland, led by Ronald E. Bishop, began removing elements from the aircraft to decrease weight and increase speed. This approach proved successful, and the designers quickly realized that by removing the bombers entire defensive armament its speed would be on par with the fighters of the day allowing it to outrun danger rather than fighting. The end result was an aircraft, designated DH.98, that was radically different from the Albatross. A small bomber powered by two Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, it would be capable of speeds around 400 mph with a payload of 1,000 lbs. To enhance the aircrafts mission flexibility, the design team made allowance for the mounting of four 20 mm cannon in the bomb bay which would fire through blast tubes under the nose. Development Despite the new aircrafts projected high speed and superb performance, the Air Ministry rejected the new bomber in October 1938, over concerns regarding its wooden construction and lack of defensive armament. Unwilling to abandon the design, Bishops team continued to refine it after the outbreak of World War II. Lobbying for the aircraft, de Havilland finally succeeded in obtaining an Air Ministry contract from Air Chief Marshal Sir Wilfrid Freeman for a prototype under Specification B.1/40 which had been tailor written for the DH.98.   As the RAF expanded to meet wartime needs, the company was finally able to obtain a contract for fifty aircraft in March 1940. As work on the prototypes moved forward, the program was delayed as a result of the Dunkirk Evacuation. Restarting, the RAF also asked de Havilland to develop heavy fighter and reconnaissance variants of the aircraft. On November 19, 1940, the first prototype was completed and it took to the air six days later. Over the next few months, the newly dubbed Mosquito underwent flight testing at Boscombe Down and quickly impressed the RAF. Outpacing the Supermarine Spitfire Mk.II, the Mosquito also proved capable of carrying a bomb load four times larges (4,000 lbs.) than anticipated. Upon learning this, modifications were made to improve the Mosquitos performance with heavier loads. Construction The Mosquitos unique wood construction allowed parts to be made in furniture factories across Britain and Canada. To construct the fuselage, 3/8 sheets of Ecuadorean balsawood sandwiched between sheets of Canadian birch was formed inside large concrete molds. Each mold held half of the fuselage and once dry, the control lines and wires were installed and the two halves were glued and screwed together. To complete the process, the fuselage was covered in a doped Madapolam (woven cotton) finish. Construction of the wings followed a similar process, and a minimal amount of metal was used to reduce weight. Specifications (DH.98 Mosquito B Mk XVI): General Length: 44 ft. 6 in.Wingspan: 54 ft. 2 in.Height: 17 ft. 5 in.Wing Area: 454 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 14,300 lbs.Loaded Weight: 18,000 lbs.Crew: 2 (pilot, bombardier) Performance Power Plant: 2 Ãâ€" Rolls-Royce Merlin 76/77 liquid-cooled V12 engine, 1,710 hpRange: 1,300 milesMax Speed: 415 mphCeiling: 37,000 ft. Armament Bombs: 4,000 lbs. Operational History Entering service in 1941, the Mosquitos versatility was utilized immediately. The first sortie was conducted by a photo reconnaissance variant on September 20, 1941. A year later, Mosquito bombers conducted a famed raid on the Gestapo headquarters in Oslo, Norway which demonstrated the aircrafts great range and speed. Serving as part of Bomber Command, the Mosquito quickly developed a reputation for being able to successfully carry out dangerous missions with minimal losses. On January 30, 1943, Mosquitos carried out a daring daylight raid on Berlin, making a liar of Reichmarschall Hermann Gà ¶ring who claimed such an attack impossible. Also serving in the Light Night Strike Force, Mosquitos flew high speed night missions designed to distract German air defenses from British heavy bomber raids. The night fighter variant of the Mosquito entered service in mid-1942, and was armed with four 20mm cannon in its belly and four .30 cal. machine guns in the nose. Scoring its first kill on May 30, 1942, night fighter Mosquitos downed over 600 enemy aircraft during the war. Equipped with a variety of radars, Mosquito night fighters were used throughout the European Theater. In 1943, the lessons learned on the battlefield were incorporated into a fighter-bomber variant. Featuring the Mosquitos standard fighter armament, the FB variants were capable of carrying 1,000 lbs. of bombs or rockets. Utilized across the front, Mosquito FBs became renowned for being able to carry out pinpoint attacks such as striking the Gestapo headquarters in downtown Copenhagen and breeching the wall of the Amiens prison to facilitate the escape of French resistance fighters. In addition to its combat roles, Mosquitos were also used as high-speed transports. Remaining in service after the war, the Mosquito was used by the RAF in various roles until 1956. During its ten-year production run (1940-1950), 7,781 Mosquitos were built of which 6,710 were constructed during the war. While production was centered in Britain, additional parts and aircraft were built in Canada and Australia. The Mosquitos final combat missions were flown as part of the Israeli Air Forces operations during the 1956 Suez Crisis. The Mosquito was also operated by the United States (in small numbers) during World War II and by Sweden (1948-1953).

Modern And Capable Armed Forces - 933 Words

Maintaining modern and capable armed forces is not an easy task. One of the most important tasks for a country, state and society is to defend itself against attackers and other threats. Military force, as Clausewitz made explicit, is not an end in itself and it only has meaning in relation to the future desired political landscape. When internal political institutions function normally, the wielders of sovereign power are the natural arbiters of last resort among competing interests and values in the policy, including the subordination of the military to the highest political authorities. Armed Forces of a country should be designed to fulfil all tasks given to them from political authorities. Each country develops its armed forces based on specific conditions and requirements drawn from national security policy and as stated in national security and national defense strategies. National security strategy is aimed to enhance the safety of the nation’s economic, social and political institutions against different threats. Strategies also deal with complex and diverse security challenges, like proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, climate change and migrations. To accomplish and safeguard their own security, states are trying to depend on national resources and also through the various international organizations and alliances. Defense policy covers the military domain and involves quantitative issues of the size, recruitment and supply of the military forces,Show MoreRelatedAdvantages and Disadvantages of Joining the Armed Forces1362 Words   |  6 PagesAdvantages and Disadvantages of Joining the Armed Forces The Modernization of the Military The military of today is in no way like that of a century, or even three decades ago. 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Consequentiality And Deontological Aspects †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Consequentiality And Deontological Aspects Answer: Introduction The moral and the ethical values are based on the daily decision-making processes, where CIT ethics need the ethical theories to unify the consequentiality and the deontological aspects with proper analysis of the ethics. The standards are set with the right and the wrong decisions which are set in the ethical theories and making decisions on which the theories are made. The theories involve the reasoning and setting the ethical principles with consistent breach. The ICT is for handling the ethical principles with consist breach, where the ethical standards are including the piracy engagement (Deegan et al., 2017). The Kantianism theory relies mainly on the moral intuition with working on the Just Consequentialism which is based on uploading the justice with major emphasis of the consequences. The paper seeks us for the use of The Kantianism Theory with the classical theory of the ICT to analyse the hacking which is required with facing ethical issue. Case study analysis the focus has been on different reasons which include the change in grade or the Australian woman working on hiring a website hacker to find the activities of the husband or the business organisation. The Australians need to think about hiring a hacker from any website and make them work for maintaining the personal identity of the system. The condition includes how the different hackers are not able to keep the secret and indulge in the activities with the legal actions against all the personnel. The standards are set with the unethical demands and the grades to gain access to the database of the rival company (Heavey, 2017). The company need to focus on the people for sum lump sum amount for the ethical and the unethical hacking. The Australian work on the different hacking requests from different people, where Charles Tendell could be listed for hiring for the different reasons and working on the standards to use the browser and running over the automated scripts for accessing the site information. It has been seen that the Suburban school received the approximate 9 bomb threats from the different sources in a week which led to a major police force working on-board. It has been seen that the administration processes are based on handling the sites for the social networking and then working on the different processing of the computer systems. There are local police departments which need to work on handling the networking forms with proper identification of the information in the network. The sending of fake articles or the culprit loading in the story proves to work on the malware with installation of the same in the system. There are different keystrokes that are recorded through the malware and the police who is caught for the culprit with the different evidence factors. The analysis is also based on how one can crack the requests and regain access to the accounts of the other people account. The enterprising user with the sought of the semi-unethical hacker is to hack in the database for between amount $100-$1000. It has been seen that there are different people who make use of the web crawling activity to scour the information that is on the website and find the requests for the different unlawful standards (el Ata et al., 2016). There are offences like the hacking where the jobs are mainly for the professional IT security contractors. This includes how the individual hires tend to hack a platform for the illegal actions like the hacking into the online account etc. Analysis Using Consequential Theory The consequentially theorists are set with the end of any action, which is important. The consequences are based from the action which determined the rightness or wrongness with the action. The case is being discussed with the hacking that has been employed with the breaching into the privacy, and then performing the forgery with stealing any of the intellectual property of the rival company. The activities are found to be wrong with the negativity and so the site works on the marketing with promising the absolute security rather than leaking any information which is confidential. The instance is based on the trust violation and the privacy of the customers, where the information is needed to be used with enforcement of laws and the authorities to take hold of the wrong doers (lin, 2016). There are different laws and regulations need to make and protect the rights of the people who are the individuals. The legalities are violated with the hacking, when the business is being handle wi th the employing of the different unethical strategy professionals. The spouses and the lovers have their privacy standards where no one has the right to interfere with the privacy. The standards are set with altering the grading amounts which are important for the tit. The altering grades amounts to the forgery and the trust which includes the acts of the ethical hacking which is illegal. The theory of consequentialism is set with the result of the actions that are bad and considered to be unethical and wrong. Analysis through deontological theory The theory includes the working on Immanuel Kant with the ethical standards set with the laws and regulations. There are different obligations here the individual need to follow the right and the fair of the users (Wilkens, 2017). The violation of privacy, security and the other different rights of the targets. The hacker need to list all the customer data that will help the authorities in taking hold of the people who are in the illegal activity and functioning. This will depend mainly on the activity with the selfish purposes (Barapatre et al., 2017). The action planning with the information availability is mainly used by the law enforcers, knowingly and unknowingly. The rightness of the action of the company is based on finalising and understanding the attention after doing any unethical thing. Conclusion As per the analysis, there are different Australian rules and the regulations which are set for all the illegal hacking offense where one end to face the jail depending upon the crime that has been done. The hiring of the hacker for the criminal activities is considered important and a crime with the punishment for the community services. The hacking into the system is mainly to recover the data and consider about the illegal activities which are important to be noticed for any of the unauthorised access which tend to lead to the prosecution of the system. There are different cyber-crimes which have a major effect. The hacker and the crackers work on the programming capability with the details of the system that are based on providing the technology belief with the security standards set for improving it. The hackers need to make use of the skills with evil reasons where one tends to breach any legal activity. They generally cause harm to gain profit or take revenge (Baum, 2016). The major objective of the cracker is to make the money with the data that has been stolen through hacking. References BARAPATRE, H., NIMJE, P., NIMBALKAR, A. (2017). Software Piracy Protection.Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research,3(4). Baum, K. (2016, October). What the Hack Is Wrong with Software Doping?. InInternational Symposium on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods(pp. 633-647). Springer International Publishing. Deegan, A., Khalid, Y., Kingue, M., Taboada, A. (2017). Cyber-ia: The Ethical Considerations Behind Syrias Cyber-War.Journal Article| March,22(5), 17am. el Ata, N. A., Schmandt, R. (2016). Consequentialism Is Necessary. InThe Tyranny of Uncertainty(pp. 75-81). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Heavey, P. (2017). Consequentialism and the synthetic biology problem.Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics,26(2), 206-229. Lin, P. (2016). Why ethics matters for autonomous cars. InAutonomous Driving(pp. 69-85). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wilkens, P. (2017). Machine Intelligence and Medical Ethics.Reflections on Healthcare Management,1(1), 16.

The migration of people to cities is one the biggest problems facing the world’s cities today free essay sample

The migration of people to cities is one the biggest problems facing the world’s cities today. Discuss the main causes. What solutions could be used to tackle the situation? Nowadays, the issue of urbanization is more frequently discussed than ever before due to its increasing impacts on lives and on the environment. Most people will not argue the fact that living in a city is easier overall than living in the country. Despite that fact, many generations have lived in rural settings by choice over the decades. The pursuit of a better standard of living, education and higher health care are the main causes of migration to urban areas. Many people hope that if they move to live in a big city they will find higher-paying jobs. However, mass migration to cities causes greater competition for jobs and this lead to underemployment. Others want their children to get better education and often high-ranked schools or universities with well-trained teachers are in the city. We will write a custom essay sample on The migration of people to cities is one the biggest problems facing the world’s cities today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover, the expansion of cities often leads to environmental problems, such as pollution. To solve the migration problems there are a number of solutions. One of the possible answers is to improve the quality of life in the countryside. Government could invest in building medical facilities and schools. Media can also be used to promote a healthy and stress free life in the countryside. Another way to attract people to stay in rural areas is creating more employment opportunities. By doing this, many people will choose to stay in the countryside. To conclude, because of urbanization the raw beauty of rural life is fading into oblivion. Convincing people to live in the countryside might seem as a difficult task, but if for once we escape the dullness of the city and discover the stunning places, hidden in the forgotten parts of our country we might just realize what we are missing.